Gang Violence in the United States Essay - 1192 Words

Gang Violence in the United States Gang violence in America is reaching alarming proportions. Chicago police Commander Donald Hilbring states, Gangs are everywhere. All throughout the city of Chicago, the suburbs, throughout the state, throughout the nation. Chicago police state that so far this year, more than 100 gang-related murders have occurred. Everyday an other report on the evening news relays the tragedy of a child accidently caught in gang crossfire. The image of black, inner-city teenagers selling crack on neighborhood street corners and shooting it out over drug turf comes to mind whenever we hear the story told. What can we do to understand and remedy this problem before an entire generation is lost?†¦show more content†¦Gang violence is simply not limited to Black or Chicago youth. Suburban high school children are carrying guns and killing each other over gang rivalry also. In the Gary Post Tribune, Deborah Diddie reported on an incident in the quiet, white, middle-class town of Crown Point. Two adolescent boys tried to coax a 16 year old rival gang member from his home to shoot him in a nearby park. As we can see, all children, black, white or brown, in the cities and the suburbs, are at risk for gang involvement. Solutions for stopping the spread of gangs and gang violence must be discovered. Gang activity is present in every city and many suburbs in our country today. Parents and other community members must first acknowledge that gangs exist in their neighborhoods and then take action to keep their kids away from gangs. Recently, several Crown Point community groups, including the police department and the school corporation, sponsored a gang awareness meeting for parents and other adult members of the community. Guest speaker, Andy Rodriguez, a youth counselor at the ALSE Clements Center in East Chicago, Indiana, said the gang problem is no longer only an urban concern, but it has spread into the suburban areas as well. He also said the days of people ignoring the gang problem are past. Although many experts agree that todays youth are falling prey to gang involvement because of a basic lack of love and concern, whatShow MoreRelatedGang Violence And The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have been a part of American culture in the United States since the early 19th century when immigrant youth organized themselves into street gangs as a means of urban and economic survival. Today, gang violence has reached an almost catastrophic level in the United States. Criminal street gangs have become one of the most serious crime problems in California. Gang violence accounts for one of the largest personal threats to public safety for nearly all the cities in this state. Salinas, CaliforniaRead MoreGangs and Violence in the United States Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesIn todays United States we have a huge problem affecting society, gangs and the violence that follows them wherever they go. These days’ gangs aren’t just compiled of grown adults, they often lure in young teens to do dirty work and to add numbers to their turf. Despite laws aimed straight at these gangs they still defy the law and wreak havoc upon the territory that they claim. The members in the gang have a gang first mentality and will do everything possible to provide for and protect their fellowRead MoreThe Crime Of A Gang1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe country we live in has been affected and influenced by something that we now call a â€Å"Gang†. According, to Dictionary.com a gang is defined as a group of youngsters or adolescents who associate closely, often exclusively, for social reasons, especially such a group engaging in delinquent behavior. Since the early 1900’s The United States of America has been affected by gangs. They originated from the Italian immigrants that were closely related to the Sicilian mafia and others that were locatedRead MoreViolence Is An Everyday Act That We Have Seen In Society,1588 Words   |  7 PagesViolenc e is an everyday act that we have seen in society, and in result has become a problem. Gang violence, on the other hand, has been a social problem of violence for decades in the United States. In particular, it has been a serious problem in California that is has been known to be the â€Å"gang capital† in the United States, and a problem in a local scale. According to â€Å"FBI.org† , there are over 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs(FBI, 2015). Consequently, this bringsRead MoreViolence And Culture : A Cross Cultural And Interdisciplinary Approach By Jack David Eller1208 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal competitiveness. One can see how the rankings that America is top in are those that promote violence in one way or another. In the book Violence and Culture: A Cross-Cultural and Interdisciplinary Approach by Jack David Eller, the author discusses violence in American society in one of his chapters. In this chapter, he mentions some social cha racteristics that represents and plays a role in violence in America. The three of the four that will be discussed are gender, race, and youth. We will alsoRead MoreThe Problem Of Gang Violence1356 Words   |  6 PagesGang violence has grown to be a great problem in El Salvador in the last 30 years. Gangs have grown into large, complex organized crime units; the two largest gangs, MS13 (also known as Mara Salvatrucha 13) and Barrio18 (also known as Calle18), now encompass large parts of Central America. Both gangs rely heavily on local drug-peddling, which drives most of the general gang violence. The desire for control over certain areas had forged a fierce rivalry, in which civilians are often endangered whenRead MoreThe Gang Resistance Education And Training ( Great ) Program1298 Words   |  6 Pagescreation for the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) program, America’s inner cities was experiencing a substantial increase of gang membership along the youth l iving in impoverished communities. During the early 1990s, many viewed gang activity as a particular community’s problem, but as youth and gang violence was increasing drastically across the United States’ inner cities, the public’s perception about this social issue changed. Due to the rapid rise of gang violence and youth membershipRead MoreEssay on Gangs in America787 Words   |  4 PagesDetail that agencys plan of action to combat the violence of a particular gang. List real world examples. Discuss what is currently being done to combat drug violence, and describe the effectiveness of these tactics. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, thoseRead MoreDrug Trafficking877 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Trafficking in the United States Americans like to hide thoughts of the bad in society, one of these thoughts often hid or forget about is drug trafficking. Drug trafficking effects everyone from the one-percent down to the people of poverty. Billions of dollars of drugs are bought and sold, with billions more being spent to fight the trafficking of illicit drugs in the United State. With all the money spent to prevent drug trafficking Americans need to understand the harmful effects. Drug TraffickingRead MoreGangs and Teenage Violence Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Teenage Violence A gang is a group of people who interact among themselves. Teen violence is contributed to these gangs. Most gangs claim neighborhoods as their territory and try to control everything inside that territory. This kind of antisocial behavior is a major problem in American Society. Gang members are typical members of the same ethnic group. Fear and hatred for people of another race is called xenophobia. People who are victims of racism are often racists

Location Bhogpur village, Dehra Dun district, India Free Essays

Location: Bhogpur village, Dehra Dun district, India Introduction: The CAS project spanned two days in Bhogpur village. As a group of 32 students, we decided to combine creativity, action and service into one positive approach to work in the village in the short time we were there. Day 1 Total number of hours: 4 hours Total distance trekked: 4 km After lunch, our group decided that it was important for us to find out the problems of people in the area and to attempt to address them in whatever ways possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Location: Bhogpur village, Dehra Dun district, India or any similar topic only for you Order Now To do this, it had been suggested that the group divided itself into pairs of two and went door to door in the village, interacting with the villagers. Although I believed that the idea was, on the whole, a positive one I was still apprehensive about the approach. Nevertheless, forcing myself to throw out any negativity, I decided to participate wholeheartedly in the interaction with the people of the village. Initially, my friend Shivaan and I had a hesitant start. I was extremely self-conscious and felt downright idiotic expecting unknown villagers to pour out their problems to strangers. But as we kept trekking through the village, I realized that the distance was merely in the head. The villagers ranged from old women to middle aged families and young adults. Some were very hesitant in talking to us but soon started interacting openly. Others were extremely vocal throughout. Shivaan and I noticed an underlying set of problems that pervaded the entire village. These included a water problem, an economic divide, gender issues, etc. I mulled over all these problems in vain. What was the solution that I could provide in a day, in a flourish to people who were far removed from who I was or where I lived? In the evening, my perception underwent a change. We decided to put up a program that would encompass two plays, a dance routine and a panel discussion. I was part of both the plays and enjoyed outlining the storylines and acting and directing at the same time. As we practiced, I thought about the initial negative attitude that I had had regarding the solutions we could provide to the villagers about the issues that they faced. Day 2 Total number of hours: 4 hours Total distance trekked: 2 km This was the day of the performance. Before an early breakfast, we moved to rehearse and have a run through of the entire performance one final time. Although there were occasional glitches, I managed to keep calm and be confident. We then trekked to the village area. After literally tugging villagers out of their homes to create an audience for our performance, we started. All four items were great successes. The smiles on the faces of the children and the curt nods between the adults said it all. Although it would have been far too optimistic to believe that we could make a huge difference in merely a day, I am sure that we did make a difference. We did ensure that the villagers realized what their problems were and also offered rudimentary, individualized solutions. With a smile on my own face, I realized that the entire effort resulted in success – we had, in some way or the other, managed to positively affect the villagers’ lives. How to cite Location: Bhogpur village, Dehra Dun district, India, Papers

The Reader free essay sample

The Reader BY Anne89 n part II, chapter eight of Bernhard Schlinks The Reader, the first-person narrator Michael describes reading the account written by a concentration camp who had survived along with her mother, the soul survivors in a large group of women who were being marched away from the camp. He says, the book creates distance. It does not invite one to identify with it and makes no one sympathetic The same could be said of The Reader. The book is written in such a way as to distance one from the characters. It prevents people from sympathizing with Hanna or Michael or nyone else, taking a sort of detached viewpoint from their problems. This can be paralleled to the efforts of the German people towards Vergangenheitsbew ¤ltigung, or coping with the past. In coping with Germanys Nazi history, the Germans attempted to distance themselves from it and the moral implications it presented. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They tried to understand it without involving themselves in it, since involving themselves could implicate them. The one person in the book who cannot distance herself, Hanna, is still unsympathetic because everyone else distances themselves rom her, making it impossible to sympathize with any aspect of her plight. Hanna is symbolic of German history in this respect. As the narrator, Michael is particularly hard to sympathize with. The way he guides the story eschews emotional attachment. He himself feels detached from almost everything: . 1 felt nothing: my feelings were numbed. His detachment transfers to the readers. None of his traits, or any of the situations he comes up against, makes one feel particularly sorry for him. Nothing makes one want to understand what hes going through or where hes coming from. He is simply there, dictating the story, elling us about his feelings without us getting involved. Further alienating is his tendency to fall into tangents which dont relate to the main narrative. These tangents are even harder to muster interest in than the true point of the book and dont serve any discernible purpose, in the end causing us to separate even further from the story. Michaels feelings of numbness and alienationand, subsequently, the feelings of numbess and alienation that are produced in the books audiencereflect the attempts made by the German people to distance themselves from the spectres of the Nazi past. By detaching and looking at it emotionlessly, they felt, it would be easier to shove it away and ignore it. The past became a sort of gap in German history, a break extending from the end of the Weimar Republic to the Allied occupation. In this sense, the past was not dealt with at all, no Vergangenheitsbew ¤ltigung took place; the whole matter was sort of shoved aside on an emotional level. This is not true of everyone, perhaps, but Michaels detachment is the fervor of his fellow students but cannot hold it long; he attempts to condemn Hanna outright but finds he cannot. He cannot successfully bring the past into the motional realm. Hanna is Just the opposite. She cannot help but bring the past into the emotional realm, because she was there. She experienced it first-hand, and was indeed a part of itperhaps not an integral part, but it cannot be denied that she took a hand in supporting the Nazis; she was an officer of the SS. She is a living symbol of Germanys Nazi era and therefore inseparable from it. However, everyone else wishes to separate from her, to sentence her and imprison her and forget about her. She is made into a representation of all that the German people wish to leave behind. Because of that, however, Hanna is Just as unsympathetic as Michael is. Since everyone wants to be detached from her, thats exactly what happens to the audience as well; they become attached from Hanna and unable to feel for her or even care about what shes going through. The readers become as aloof as Michael, seeing the situation only through his emotionless eyes. His former love for Hanna totally fails to register during the trial and sentencing, even when he sends her the tapes; he is merely going through the motions the entire time. If there is any feeling behind his ctions, the audience is unable to perceive it, therefore making it irrelevant overall. Michaels aloofness consumes his narration and forms a barrier against caring about anything that happens. Thus, Hanna is dealt with the way Germany tries to deal with its tarnished history: it is separated from, suppressed, and forgotten. The war crimes trials are held and a new government with new laws is put into place; on a parallel level, Hanna is imprisonedand then later kills herself, preventing her memory from surviving even after her release is granted. Although Michael does make a donation n her name to a literacy program, the gesture is tacked on and after the fact, quickly losing any value it mightVe had as a memorial. Overall, attempts at establishing sympathy towards the characters of this book are ineffective. This does not make the book a bad one, for it is in a way a reflection of the way many Germans tried to come to terms with the Nazi past. It expresses the peoples alienation and the desire to Just forget about everything that happened. While one might argue that that is not the best approach to Vergangenheitsbew ¤ltigung, it is nonetheless the one presented in the book. (The Reader, Bernhard Schlink)

Organizational Culture

Compare and contrast of organizational climate with organizational culture In comparing and contrasting organizational climate with organization culture, I have learned from studying the Army Field Manual on Army Leadership and from other readings that organizational climate is shaped by organizational culture.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organizational Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organizational command climate of a unit is reflected in the behavior of the members. Even if organizational culture is invisible to the naked eye, its power to shape an organization is visibly manifested in the behavior of the unit. The behavior of the unit is influenced by how the members interpret the culture that exists within a particular organization. The unit’s behavior is therefore rooted in the group’s shared beliefs and values. When confronted with a situation, a particular member need n ot consult the manuals, he/she simply reacts based on the type of organizational culture instilled within him. At the same time, his behavior is conformed to the behavior of the group. In the Army, there are two things that stand out when it comes to organizational culture and these are leadership and team work. When a group of individuals are immersed in this particular culture, it will not take long before they experience the transforming power of shared beliefs. When this organizational culture is a part of the unit’s daily life, then, it is the framework used to accomplish the task at hand. Contrast After reading FM-622, I realized that there is a big difference between organizational climate and organizational culture (Field Manual 6-22, 8-4). An organizational culture requires a great length of time to form. On the other hand, an organizational climate requires very little time to manifest because it is an automatic reaction based on how an individual, leader, and group reacts to a particular situation or task at hand. It is, therefore, important to inculcate the positive influence of organizational culture as quickly as possible. Organizational culture provides a clear directive and at the same time compels members of the group to behave in an acceptable manner. Compare and Contrast situational awareness with situational understanding The common denominator between situational awareness and situational understanding is information. Both are based on effective use of information and knowledge management. Information and knowledge management is the byproduct of surveillance and other forms of data acquisition that enable leaders to make informed and timely decisions regardless of the challenges imposed by different circumstances.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An effective use of knowledge and information management enables commanders to have a clear vision of the tactical requirements involved in a mission. At the same time it provides clear directives to subordinates. The absence of situational awareness and situational understanding forces the leader to make hasty decisions that can endanger the lives of his subordinates. It is, therefore, important for commanders to have access to quality information. At the same time, they must have the capability to sort, store, and analyze information collated through different types of data gathering schemes. They must have the ability to access needed information at a moment’s notice in order to make quick decisions. More importantly, commanders must have the ability to analyze the information that they possess in order to utilize it more efficiently in order to enhance the unit’s decision-making process. The absence of situational awareness and situational understanding can easily lead to defeat. Contrast At first glance, situational awareness and situati onal understanding are synonymous. But upon closer examination, it can be argued that situational awareness is a leader’s less refined interpretation of information at hand. It implies an immediate reaction to raw data made available through different types of surveillance strategies. Situational understanding on the other hand is a more sophisticated application of the information and knowledge management system. Situational understanding is a careful analysis of the different variable involved leading to a more accurate and informed decision. Situational awareness requires little effort and little experience. But situational understanding not only requires a more disciplined analysis of the information available to commanders, it also requires experience so that the commander can fully appreciate the information made available to him. Compare and Contrast Operational art and Operational design Operational art is linked to operational design because commanders are unable to develop a clear vision of the battlefield and how to execute their strategies if they do not understand the importance of operational design. A commander must learn to develop operational design first using principles gleaned from the study of full spectrum operations (Field Manual 3-0, 7-19). These are the byproducts of the careful utilization of end state, center of gravity, and lines of effort and other principles of operational design. It is the first requirement before engaging in a mission. The commander must be able to develop an operational design that considers every known variable. Operational design is an important first step but without operational art a commander will be unable to have a holistic understanding of the operational environment. Operational art enables the commander not only to have a clear overview of the operations but also the ability to dynamically manipulate the different elements of the operational design and translate it into tactics and strategies f or his subordinates to follow and execute.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organizational Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Operational art is synonymous to effective leadership because it is the effective use of resources to move equipment and personnel in order to accomplish a particular goal. Operational art goes hand-in-hand with operational design because these two systems enable the commander to have a deeper understanding of the environment and the problem surrounding a particular task. Contrast Operational design and operational art compliment each other but these are two different concepts when it comes to accomplishing a particular goal. Operational design focuses more on operations and tactics. It is a more detailed understanding of the different elements involved in a particular mission. Operational art on the other hand considers other factors that cannot be analyzed quantitatively. Oper ational art is much broader vision of the task at hand. It enables commanders to see the big picture and connects the different factors involved. Operational art enables commanders to understand the importance of fighting a war and the need to deter war. Operational art enables commanders to understand the importance of resolving conflict and promoting peace. Operational design on the other hand is limited to accomplishing the task at hand. Operational art is the ability to consider the long-term effect of a particular action. It is important to have this capability in order for the commander to develop an accurate time-table when to engage and when to end a particular conflict. It is an important framework for decision-making processes because it understands the other elements involve in a particular mission or conflict. Works Cited Field Manual 3-0. Operations. Washington, D.C.: Army Headquarters, 2001. Print. Field Manual 6-22. Army Leadership. Washington, D.C.: Army Headquarters , 2006. Print. This case study on Organizational Culture was written and submitted by user Lauren D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Organizational Culture

Computer Crimes Defense and Prevention

Computer Crimes Defense and Prevention In 1998 former president Clinton spoke to the graduating class of the U.S. Naval Academy and he said that the security of the United States is threatened by a new breed of adversaries that has found a way to harass and terrorize America.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Crimes Defense and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clinton said that they are international criminals and terrorists who cannot defeat us in traditional theaters of battle, but search instead for new ways to attack by exploiting new technologies and the worlds increasing openness† (Aldrich, p.1). He is talking about cyberspace and one of its unwanted by-product cyberterror and cybercrime. It is important for the general public to know more about it in order to pressure government officials to invest more to protect them from unscrupulous men. Cybercrime is the act of committing crime using the Internet as a tool to bypass sec urity and increase its capability to cross borders and victimize people beyond the hacker’s country of origin. Cyberterror on the other hand is the use of the Internet to send malicious code in order to disrupt, contaminate and cause accidents in transportation hubs and at government utility facilities. The problem here is the commission of a crime without being physically present in the target area. The second major problem is the ability of criminals and terrorists to create havoc to countries like the United States, even if they are physically located thousands of miles away in another continent. Defense and Prevention The first line of defense must be international cooperation. It is useless to develop elaborate defense systems without the capability of catching criminals and terrorists that are developing their attacks outside the United States. The clamor reached a higher level when in October of 1998 Russian Foreign Minister Ivanov communicated to then General Secretar y of the UN Kofi Annan and made it known that even Russia is felt what he called as the â€Å"increasing danger of information warfare† (Aldrich, p.4).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More International cooperation can be intensified by refining International laws concerning transnational crimes especially those related to cybercrime and cyberterror. There are at least two issues that have to be resolved in order to win in this battle. First, there is a need to develop laws and defense mechanisms that are effective but at the same time does not violate privacy of individuals (Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives, p.36). Secondly, there is a need to be one step ahead of criminals. Experts are lamenting the fact that â€Å"In this dynamic threat environment, attackers are constantly ahead of defenders, and yet the PCI standards are updated only by unanimous consent every 2 years† (Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives, p.1). Citizens of the United States must constantly pressure their government officials to make the war against cybercrime and cyberterror one of their priorities. Conclusion The Internet created a high-level of global interconnectedness. It is a blessing for commerce but a major problem when it comes to security. Because of the I Internet, it has become increasingly difficult to deal with criminals and terrorists that can operate beyond the reach of American authorities and yet still possess the capability to wreak havoc by commuting crimes and acts of terror. International cooperation is key as well as the realization that governments must invest heavily in the fight against cybercrime and terror. Aldrich, Richard. â€Å"Cyberterrorism and computer crimes: issues surrounding the establishment of an international legal regime.† USAF Institute for National Security Studies. 2000. Web. Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives. â€Å"Do the payment card industry data standard reduce cybercrime?† Government Printing Office. 2009. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Crimes Defense and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives. â€Å"Hearing on data retention as tool for investigating internet child pornography and other internet crimes.† Center for Democracy and Technology. 2011. Web.

Top 100 Most-Used German Words

Top 100 Most-Used German Words Have you ever wondered what the top 500, 1,000 or 10,000 German words were? If you need to learn German vocabulary, which words should you learn first? Which ones are most frequently used? The Projekt Deutscher Wortschatz at the Universitt Leipzig scanned texts and included variations of the same word, including capitalization versus lower case and other possible forms of any particular word. The definite article (the) appears in all of its German variations: der/Der, die/Die, den, etc. The verb to be appears in all of its conjugated forms: ist, sind, war, sei, etc. Even the new and old spellings of dass/daß are considered two different words. The Leipzig researchers noted that if one were to select different text sources for analysis, one would get different results. An analysis of the vocabulary found in a novel versus that in a comic book or a newspaper would not be similar. Obviously, an analysis of spoken German would also yield different results.   Here are charts showing the top 100 most-used German words, and one showing the top 30 most-spoken German words. Students of German 101 should get familiar with these words and their forms. Top 100 German Words  Edited and Ranked by Frequency of Use Rank German English 1 der (den, dem, des) the m. 2 die (der, den) the f. 3 und and 4 in (im) in, into (in the) 5 von (vom) of, from 6 zu (zum, zur) to; at; too 7 das (dem, des) the n. 8 mit with 9 sich himself, itself, yourself 10 auf on 11 fr for 12 ist (sein, sind, war, sei, etc.) is 13 nicht not 14 ein (eine, einen, einer, einem, eines) a, an 15 als as, than, when 16 auch also, too 17 es it 18 an (am/ans) to, at, by 19 werden (wurde, wird) become, get 20 aus from, out of 21 er he, it 22 hat (haben, hatte, habe) has/have 23 dass / da that 24 sie she, it; they 25 nach to, after 26 bei at, by 27 um around, at 28 noch still, yet 29 wie as, how 30 ber about, over, via 31 so so, such, thus 32 Sie you (formal) 33 nur only 34 oder or 35 aber but 36 vor (vorm, vors) before, in front of; of 37 bis by, until 38 mehr more 39 durch by, through 40 man one, they 41 Prozent (das) percent 42 kann (knnen, konnte, etc.) be able, can 43 gegen against; around 44 schon already 45 wenn if, when 46 sein (seine, seinen, etc.) his 47 Mark (Euro) Mark (Euro) currency 48 ihre/ihr her, their 49 dann then 50 unter under, among 51 wir we 52 soll (sollen, sollte, etc.) should, ought to 53 ich I (personal pronoun) 54 Jahr (das, Jahren, Jahres, etc.) year 55 zwei two 56 diese (dieser, dieses, etc.) this, these 57 wieder again 58 Uhr Most frequently used as oclock in telling time. 59 will (wollen, willst, etc.) wants 60 zwischen between 61 immer always 62 Millionen (eine Million) millions 63 was what 64 sagte (sagen, sagt) said (say, says) 65 gibt (es gibt; geben) gives 66 alle all, everyone 67 seit since 68 muss (mssen) must 69 doch but, nevertheless, after all 70 jetzt now 71 drei three 72 neue (neu, neuer, neuen, etc.) new 73 damit with it/that; by that; because of that; so that 74 bereits already 75 da since, because 76 ab off, away; exit 77 ohne without 78 sondern but rather 79 selbst myself, himself 80 ersten (erste, erstes, etc.) first 81 nun now; then; well? 82 etwa about, approximately; for instance 83 heute today, nowadays 84 weil because 85 ihm to/for him 86 Menschen (der Mensch) people 87 Deutschland (das) Germany 88 anderen (andere, anderes, etc.) other(s) 89 rund approximately, about 90 ihn him 91 Ende (das) end 92 jedoch nevertheless 93 Zeit (die) time 94 uns us 95 Stadt (die) city, town 96 geht (gehen, ging, etc.) goes 97 sehr very 98 hier here 99 ganz entire(ly), complete(ly), whole(ly) 100 Berlin (das) Berlin Top 30 Words in Spoken German Rank German English 1 ich I 2 das the; that (one) neuter 3 die the f. 4 ist is 5 nicht not 6 ja yes 7 du you 8 der the m. 9 und and 10 sie she, they 11 so so, thus 12 wir we 13 was what 14 noch still, yet 15 da there, here; since, because 16 mal times; once 17 mit with 18 auch also, too 19 in in, into 20 es it 21 zu to; at; too 22 aber but 23 habe / hab (I) have 24 den the 25 eine a, an fem. indefinite article 26 schon already 27 man one, they 28 doch but, nevertheless, after all 29 war was 30 dann the

American Disability Act Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Disability Act - Article Example The main issue regarding the ADA was to understand the scope of the legislature itself. If an individual in fact was mentally or physical impaired, then the employers had the right to be compensated for it. However, many employers were reluctant to actually employee individuals with disability because they would not. This case because pivotal as it reached all the way to the supreme court, in which the supreme court affirmed the decision of the supreme court to dismiss if motor skills pertained to disability. The fact remained, what can be considered as a disability? After many trials and tribulations, the Supreme Court finally decided to pass the ADA with clear and a broader scope then defined earlier by its predecessors. Although this shook the grounds of the definition of the disability itself, it extended the definition to be mentally and physically. Moreover, Title VIII enhanced the component of discrimination that extended beyond an imperative mental state and racism against any colored individual. Clearly, I agree with the ADA act because a disability goes beyond a physical. This component is critical to diagnose and facilitate the disabled. Although I am concerned about the cases of fraud that can occur, it is better to assist those in need. I agree with the supreme court’s decision to extend the definition. Concannon, James. "Mind Matters: Mental Disability and the History and Future of the Americans with Disabilities Act."Â  Law and Psychology Review. The Law & Psychology Review. 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2014 from HighBeam

Script for Theater Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Script for Theater Class - Essay Example (Velma was shaking her head as she looked at her friend.) Now, please do not think I am being pessimistic nor am I trying to discourage you even more. I am just trying to let you see clearly what could possibly be dimmed by your current situation and emotions. You can always find a foster parent or you can have the child adopted. In the future, you will see when you know that your child is living somewhere, that you have made the right decision. Velma: (Nodding) I have been thinking about the same things for the past days. I know it is not right for me to hurt my baby just because his father and I are cowards. I cannot bear the thought of having my child suffer a lot while I try to achieve my goals. I hate my boyfriend for abandoning me to have to deal with this alone. I just wish he had some heart enough to try to know how I am doing now. Emma: Well, I do not blame Jason. Perhaps, I f I were in his position, I would have done the same thing to you. So now you know that he really does not love you. I always had my doubts about him. I knew he will just use you as a decoration in his life, a trophy for being rich and handsome. I know it pains you a lot however, at least now, you know where you stand. I think it is best that you have known that he cannot stand up to fight for the love that he so much tried to show you only to get what he really wanted. I do not think he really is the man that people have always thought him to be. He is nothing but a selfish jerk who thinks about nothing but himself. See how easily he has exchanged you and your baby for his money? Anyway, I think it would be best for you to get him out of the picture as early as now and let us just concentrate on how you and your baby are going to survive. I think you can still try to conceal your baby bump until after graduation and still be cheered as t he most intelligent among the graduates. Then perhaps, we could speak again by then. Velma: It is always funny is it? (Velma had a strange look on

Louis MacNeices and Thom Guns poems Essay Example for Free

Louis MacNeices and Thom Guns poems Essay Louis MacNeices and Thom Guns poems use the first voice to look at birth through babies eyes. They help us see that babies, unborn or newborn, are living but powerless beings. They can think and feel but cannot make decisions or changes in their lives. MacNeices piece is burdened with desperate pleas from the womb for a chance to live while Gunns poem takes on a lighter tone towards a newborns protest to leaving the comfortable and familiar womb. Written in the form of a prayer, the Prayer Before Birth addresses God as its audience but the poets intention is really to decry the horrors of abortion to the reader. The poem takes on a troubled tone of one who is facing death sentence. The effects of its tone are made stronger through the use of the first person in the impotent unborn baby to dramatize the fact that it is alive and not given a choice for its life. Each stanza repeats the fact that it has yet live. This set the reader into the speakers deepest burden as it reveals its concerns. The poem also uses images associated with pains and fears the speaker faces to communicate its tone of deep depression. The first stanza shows us a childs nightmare of bat, rat and ghoul; followed by equipment of torture such as walls, racks and drugs; then criminal acts of treason and murder; men in authority as in old men, bureaucrats and manwho thinks he is God and finally the vivid description of the brutal act and the detachment of the speaker from its source of humanity. All these depressive images are interrupted only in the third stanza, with a sense of longing and in warmer tone, to experience life from childhood (being dandle) to death (being guided by a white light). It brings images of nature and life and all that we take for granted. Even the poems structure supports the tone. The long sentences and heavy-sounding words (dragoon, dissipate and bloodsucking) communicate a heavily laden heart. The poem moves slowly with increasing length at each stanza and that tells of a deepening sense of hopelessness. The sixth stanza is very short as if to communicate the end of the hope. The last stanzas lines shorten with each subsequent plea as if to signify the shortening time  left. The poet chooses words that support the deeply burdened tone and evoke the readers emotional response. This is especially so when an innocent unborn has been subjected various agents of abortion in the form of creatures of the night (bat, rat and ghoul), equipment of torture (walls, racks and blood-baths), criminal acts (treasons and murder) and unloving human (lovers, beggars and bureaucrats). They communicate uncaring, cold and relentless in achieving their ends without regard to the subject. Many rarely used heavy-sounding and multi-syllabus words add to the ominous mood as they dragoon, dissipate and engendered the speaker. And then the word thistledown also helps add the finality of the act as we picture the foetus as unattached weed just go directionless and lifeless (hither and thither) to be [spilled] like water into the drain. The use of the word me gives a picture of helplessness to be subjected to other peoples direction (think me, beyond me, live me, curse me, lecture me and hector me). The sum effect of the dramatic play of words is designed to create the dark, troubled mood of one facing death sentence and to draw a response from the reader. On the other hand, Gunn also uses the first voice but he gives the protesting baby a less intense tone. His intention is to explain the babys first cry and he thinks that it is from its reluctance to leave an environment of security and warmth for a strange and cold world. The poem carries an angry tone of complains (Things were different inside)and warm tone of memories (The perfect comfort of her inside). Like the previous poem, the effect of its tone is made stronger through the use of the first person who shares its experience first hand. Yet unlike the first poem, the tone it carries is not as overwhelming as to evoke a respond from the reader for it hints that it is only temporal (I may forget). Gunns poem also uses images but those of contrasting scenes to communicate its objection to the changes. One can hear the warm and longing tone as the baby thinks of the snug and secure jolly and padded and [the] perfect comfort of her inside. Otherwise, the poem moves in exasperation as it compares the warm and wet and black womb with a rain of blood and the discomfort of the lighted outside world, the exposed and spacious rustling bed and the changes that comes when all time roars. Like MacNeices poem, it also communicates a helpless baby in the midst of the situation it cannot change as it lies raging, small, and red. And it may continue to rage till it forgets for it has no choice to the matter of whether it wants to be born. Gunns poem is designed to support the tone of protest through its fast-paced, easy-to-read rhythm and rhyme and its short and even sentences. These, as compared with Prayer before birth, give the effect of a less forceful albeit angry tone. Its pace slow down a little in the last two stanzas (with longer vowels sleep, soon, womb and room) as the child gets tired and slips into dreams of the familiar surrounding again. The poem keeps the lighter tone and moves with ease through informal and conversational language. Many of the words chosen in this poem refers to tangible objects as in womb, bed and room. The tone is also supported by choosing single-syllabi action words like fall, ride, tuck and lie. All those action words imply how quickly everything happens between birth and the babys sleep. Many words also indicate the drastic differences the baby has to endure at birth e.g. from private to a shared environment; from the warm and wet and black womb to a lighted room; and from padded and jolly to rustling. All these imply changes the baby needs to adjust to. But they are all temporal shock and the protest will not last even though the newborn may fight it But I wont forget that I regret. And eventually, all that is left of the memory of the womb may exist only in the babys dream. Both poems revolve around the subject birth and give thought to life. The main difference is that MacNeices poem is meant to evoke a response or perhaps provoke the reader to action while Gunns poem only wants to share a response of a baby at birth.

The History of Stalingrad Essay -- Stalingrad War Battles European His

The History of Stalingrad â€Å"Stalingrad is the scene of the costliest and most stubborn battle in this war. The battle fought there to its desperate finish may turn out to be among the decisive battles in the long history of war†¦In the scale of its intensity, its destructiveness, and its horror, Stalingrad has no parallel. It engaged the full strength of the two biggest armies in Europe and could fit into no lesser framework than that of a life-and death conflict which encompasses the earth† New York Times, February 4, 1943 The battle fought between the Soviet Red Army and the Nazi Wehrmacht over the â€Å"city of Stalin† for four long months in the fall and winter of 1942-3 stands as not only the most important battle of the Eastern front during World War II, but as the greatest battle ever fought. Germany’s defeat at Stalingrad ended three years of almost uninterrupted victory and signaled the beginning of the end of the Third Reich. In this way, Stalingrad’s significance was projected beyond the two main combatants, extending to all corners of the world. This paper is not meant to be a military history of the battle; I am not qualified to offer such an account. It is also not an examination of why Russia won (and Germany lost). The goal of this paper is to explain why this particular conflict, fought at this particular point in time, and in this particular place became the defining moment of World War II. During the late summer of 1942, Germany’s position in the Soviet Union appeared to be dominant. The Russian winter offensive in front of Moscow had succeeded in relieving the pressure on the capital but had failed to make any substantial gains beyond a few miles of breathing space. The Germans had managed to stabilize the situation, inflicting severe casualties on the Russians before opening their own offensive in southern Russia in the spring and summer of 1942. This offensive, like the initial attack on the Soviet Union, caught the Russians (who expected a second assault on Moscow) completely off guard. Germany’s success was immense, and by the end of July the Wehrmacht had reached the Caucasus Mountains and the Volga River, with the oil-rich cities of Astrakhan, Grozny, and Baku in its sights. The first fourteen months of the war had been a debacle of monumental proportions for the Russians. During this time, the Germans had occupied more than a... ... the regime began to make concrete plans to overthrow it. Stalingrad was the beginning of the end for the Third Reich.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War II was filled with turning points, including Midway, El Alamein, and Moscow. Stalingrad, however, was not simply a turning point. It was the decisive battle of the most violent and destructive war ever fought. It is a fitting testament to the importance of Stalingrad that General Chuikov, the tough-as-nails commander of the 62nd Army that defended the city, would later lead his men in the final battle of the European war, the assault on Berlin. Works Cited Baldwin, Hanson. Battles Lost and Won. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1966. Craig, William. Enemy at the Gates. New York: Readers Digest Press, 1973. Elting, Mary and Robert T. Weaver, Battles: How They Are Won. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1944. Overy, Richard. Russia’s War. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. Roberts, Geoffrey. Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History. London: Pearson Education, 2002. Stalingrad, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1943. Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World At Arms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Earning a College Degree Essay

Earning a college degree has always been a very important goal of mine. My children are getting older and in a few short years will start looking into college themselves. It became more important for me now than ever to make my dream, my goal, a reality. There were many factors that came into play when I decided that this was the right time in my life to return to school. Being a non-traditional student, cost, flexibility, and accreditation were among the most important factors for me when choosing an online university. As my research into finding the right university continued, I found that Western Governors University had much more to offer their students than just an education. The financial aspect of returning to school was probably my biggest concern. I wanted to earn a degree, but didn’t want to be left with a hefty student loan payment at the end. Many of the online University’s that I looked into were â€Å"for profit† schools. Being inexperienced and new to this research I didn’t realize that there was such thing as a â€Å"non for profit† online University until I stumbled upon WGU. With affordable tuition, I knew that my dream could soon become reality. My children and husband are my number one priorities. They always have been, always will be. My time spent with them is precious and something that I would not give up for anything. The flexibility in classes and coursework that WGU offers has given me the perfect balance to be both a mother and a student. Since WGU is a competency based school, this allows me to spend less time on the material that I already know and concentrate more on the subjects that I am not as familiar with. Accreditation was another important factor for me. I didn’t want to spend the next 3 to 4 years going to school, spending countless hours reading and studying, only to find out that future employers would not take my degree seriously. Finding out that WGU is highly respected among businesses made my decision that much easier. There have been a few unexpected surprises along my journey thus far, with WellConnect being one of them. I never realized how much an online university could care about the health and wellbeing of their students. WGU also has some great mentors who not only offer encouragement, but push you to do the best and be the best that you can be. From my first inquiry of Western Governors University to now, I can say that, without a doubt, I made the right decision. I have finally found an online university who is just as committed to my success as I am. I would encourage anyone thinking about  returning to school as a non-traditional student to look no further than Western Governors University. With their low-cost tuition, flexibility, and accreditation to their amazing and caring mentors and their competency based program, WGU is definitely a perfect fit.

Market analysis wood pellets in Germany

To give a clear overview of the possibilities in the wood pellet market is a SWOT-Analysis used. This analysis presents the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the wood pellet market in general (not for a specific company!).Confrontation-matrixIn this matrix are the benefits and the issues around the wood pellet market displayed against each other. This gives a clear overview and a good summery as well about the `Wood Pellets ´ market! Strengths1) Sustainable 2) Renewable 3) Worldwide available 4 ) New and higher employment 5 ) Accessibility. Germany is located in the center of Europe, which is a strength point and offers good possibilities for trading. Germany is very good accessible by water, via seas and channels due to the Netherlands as well.Weaknesses1) High competition against other energy resources. 2) The technology around the production of bioenergy needs more and new inputs to win more energy and make it more favorable and get higher outputs. 3) High inve stment costs in the beginning, to install a combustion furnace at home or in the industry.OpportunitiesA)Wood fuels provides opportunities for new companies to develop B) Producing and the using of wood fuels locally will minimize transport costs C) Wood fuels releases lower quantities of atmospheric pollutants D) It is possible to offset the carbon emissions from burning against the carbon uptake of the trees during the growth of the wood. E) According to the EU ´s policy and the Kyoto-protocol, wood fuels fits very well with the targets3,4,5 -> A The wood pellet industry offers a great opportunity to develop new companies,  and for new and more extensive employment. This counts for all places in the world because wood pellets can produce almost everywhere. For Europe(Germany) it is an great opportunity in special because of the current economic recession and a lack of jobs. 1,2 -> B,C,D,EThe sustainability and renewability of wood pellets fits well with all the European target s due to the Kyoto-protocol. Wood fuels releases lower quantities of atmospheric pollutants compared to fossil fuels. And wood resources are almost all over the world accessible.1,2 -> A,E New technologies are necessary to make wood pellets more profitable compared to other energy resources. But it is a challange for companies to develop in new technologies, which is good for the energy market, employment, and most important the environment!3 -> EBecause of the high investment costs in the beginning for installing a heating system, many people and/or companies choose for other (cheaper) opportunities. But according to the increasing environment issues, it is for the European Union an option to subsidy and promote wood pellet energy.ThreatsA) Extensive market with lots of competition, there are many different energy resources available. B) To create bioenergy/wood pellets, lots of energy is necessary for the production. 1,2 -> A, BSustainability and renewability are increasingly more important because of the global warming and environment issues. This offers a good opportunity for bioenergy. The use of wood pellets could be more and more interesting instead of fossil fuels.1,2,3 -> A,B According to the disadvantages of bioenergy, there are new technologies needed in energy market to make bioenergy more profitable compared to fossil fuels.

Effects of TV violence.

Effects of TV violence. Violence has proven to be a prevalent issue in America. Although there may be many contributing factors associated with violence in our country, many researchers have held television violence responsible. While television can be both educational and entertaining, some believe that television violence is influencing America's children to become aggressive and tolerant to violence. Acts of violence and hatred have become all too common in high schools and even elementary schools today, leaving psychologists and researchers searching for answers and solutions. For decades, researchers have been trying to investigate the effect television has on children. The recent rise in adolescent crimes has not only put pressure on scientists to reach a solution, but it has also put a strain on the government to implement new laws in order to protect society. There are many different ways in which television affects our society. Studies and experiments offer proof that television violence is an issu e that needs attention.The TMNT logo of the 1987 animated series.If this problem is ignored, the conditions will continue to deteriorate.Children today have more outlets to view television than any other era. Studies by the University of Pennsylvania have shown that that children watch television, on average, 7.25 hours a day, 5,000 hours by the first grade, and 19,000 hours by the time they graduate (APA Online). Television programs show about 20 violent acts each hour (APA Online). If you do the calculations, this data presents that children witness approximately 380,000 acts of violence on television by the time they are 18 years old. According to the laws of psychology, when exposed to a certain behavior repeatedly, there is a greater chance of imitation. As humans, especially during childhood, we learn how to act by watching the behavior of others, a term denoted socialization.Much of the debate about violence in television programs...

Ancient Greek and Roman Similarities.

The ancient Greek and Roman civilizations of Europe began to progress toward a more civilized order of society. As there were no previous establishment to base their ideals on, it was understandable that there were some difficulties in their progression as a society. Although the ancient Greek and Roman governments fell, both had similar paths of creation, conquest, and destruction. Greek society began by the formation of the city-state. The city-state, based on tribal allegiances, was generally the first political association during the early stages of civilization. ( Perry, 45) This was the first step in the progression toward early self-government.   Greek city-states generally moved through four stages: rule by a king (monarchy), rule by landowning aristocrats (oligarchy), rule by one man who seized power (tyranny), and rule by the people (democracy).   (Perry, 46) Plagiarism Detection >Roman society began by the influences of surrounding cultures and quickly grew beyond the confines of a city-state status economy.   The more advanced civilizations of both Etruscans and Greeks were gradually absorbed by the Romans.   From them, Romans acquired architectural styles and skills in road construction, sanitation, hydraulic engineering (including underground conduits), metallurgy, ceramics, and portrait sculpture. (Perry, 84)   Their need for growth led them to form a republic.   As in the Greek cities, the transition from theocratic monarchy to republic offered possibilities for political and legal growth.   (Perry 85)Both Greeks and Romans tried to realize some form of democracy.   It is to Greece that we ultimately trace the idea of democracy and all that accompanies it: citizenship, constitutions, equality before the law, government by law, reasoned debate, respect for the individual, and confidence in human intelligence.   (Perry, 52)Because Rome tried to maintain a republic it had different needs compared to the Greeks.   The Romans, unl ike the Greeks, were distinguished by practicality and common sense, not by a love of abstract thought.   In their pragmatic and empirical fashion, they gradually developed the procedures of public politics and the legal state.   (Perry 88)The fall of the Greeks was a direct result of a breakdown of social theories.   When people no longer regarded the law as an expression of sacred traditions ordained by the gods but saw it as a merely human contrivance, respect for the law diminished, weakening the foundations of the society.   The results were party conflicts, politicians who scrambled for personal power, and moral uncertainty. (Perry 55) Plagiarism Detection >The Romans suffered a similar fate as a result of an unfocused administration.   Instead of developing a professional civil service to administer the conquered lands, Roman leaders attempted to govern an empire with city-state institutions, which had evolved for a different purpose.   (Perry 95)The Greek and Rom an cultures truly revolutionized the art of civilization.   They initiated new ideals for the interaction of people in a society. They both had similar paths of creation, conquest, and destruction.   They shared similar beliefs and as a result shared similar fates. Future societies can look at the mistakes made in the past and build from them, but if we are not careful, future mistakes may be built from past societies.

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Risk Management - Essay Example These risks are then incorporated in the bones of the â€Å"fish† (Lin, 2009). This is effective as it assists the person carrying out the analysis understand the critical threats that exist and thus work to eliminate all the risks starting with these ones. This method is effective in reducing the running costs because there is the prior identification and elimination of the risks. There is also the qualitative risk identification and assessment. In this, there is the red light and green light rating where there is the analysis of the risks that will have the greatest impact. After this, there is the analysis of the major project objectives where there is then the changing of the various features regarding the goals where they can be altered (Lin, 2009). This is helpful in that it reduces the amount of defects that may occur. Urgency assessment in identification assists in understanding where along the project continuation the risk may occur. Scheduled delays are the ones best resolved through this method of risk identification and

Implications of Organisational Identification Essay

Implications of Organisational Identification - Essay Example A clear and meaningful strategy supported by the staff is a key component of organization’s functional efficiency and financial success, if the organization is a for-profit business. So, the question managers frequently ask themselves is how to achieve that state of business performance when the company is totally supported by its employees in all of its goals and urges. Devotion, loyalty, hard work, passion and efficiency is what each business wishes to see in its employees. However, it is not always easy to hire or bring up employees that feel themselves as a part of the company. Still, a potential solution exists. The concept of organizational identification is what can help an employer to achieve such a goal. Since organizational identification is a rather important aspect of organizational behaviour, the goal of this paper is to research and analyse various aspect of organizational identification. In particular, the given work will present the concept of organizational id entification in relation to employees’ performance, business communication and corporate social responsibility. Body According to Dutton, Dukerich and Harquail (1994, 240), organizational identification refers to how a person perceives one’s own identity and self-concept in relation to organizational identity. It means that organizational identification is about how an individual sees oneself in the organization, how organizational goals and strategies are aligned with those of the individual. So, it can be said that organizational identification is the degree to which employees associate themselves with the employing organization, as well as what common attributes the organization and the individual have. Belonging to a certain group, such as family, race, sex, company or society, for instance, forms social identity of an individual – that is person’s knowledge and feeling of belonging to some social group (Tajfel 1972, 31). On the other hand, individual s are the ones who help such groups to survive. The positive effect of person’s feeling as a part of some group is in-group favouritism (Bartels 2006, 1). Such favouritism leads to individual’s being cooperative towards other members of the group, singling that group out, and showing corporate citizenship behaviour in an organization. So, in relation to corporate environment, such in-group favouritism is called organizational identification. Mael and Ashforth (1992, 104) define organizational identification as person’s â€Å"perception of oneness with or belongingness to an organization, where the individual defines him or herself in terms of the organization(s) of which he or she is a member† (Mael and Ashforth 1992, 104). The resent studies prove that strong and positive organizational identification has a very positive impact on organizational behaviour and performance. In particular, employees with positive organizational identification show better pe rformance, lower absenteeism, and higher levels of job satisfaction (Riketta and van Dick 2005, 490). For that reason it might be suggested that companies devote more attention to the level and state of their employees’ organizational identification. This will improve individual performance of the people, as well as the performance of the whole organization. A research conducted by Efraty and Wolfe in 1988 tends to

Unit 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 8 - Essay Example The author therefore lays out number of important elements of project management making up the best practices culture that must be observed by all project managers. training is particularly important considering the fast changing times and environments and as such companies have no options other than investing in continuous education for their project management teams and employees to keep up to date with industry standards. The first success point is for the project managers to get everything straight from the onset. It is important for managers of projects to understand the main goals of the particular project the needs of their clients in order to give the best. Secondly it is particularly important to carefully study and understand contracts before entering into any commitments. Assessing major clauses such as those on liabilities, indemnification warranties are worded right so as to avoid unnecessary legal suits and court cases. This eases the project implementation process and helps eliminate unnecessary delays. Another very important success factor in project management is the kick off meeting with a client. It is a very crucial meeting and therefore both the project managers and key project team members should be present in the meeting alongside key persons from the client end. This is because expectations are set in this meeting and as such it helps project teams figure out how to better manage the expectations of their client. The project managers should also never overlook stored materials; they should understand the way to bill for materials that are stored and also know the hidden costs that may come with early ordering of materials. To this end, timing is important especially when it comes to warranties. The warranty time begins counting immediately equipment are purchased and hence the earlier the installation the longer the period covered by the warranty. The final and ultimate success point in project

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Remote Working System Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Remote Working System Computer Science Essay Introduction The following report will be based on providing potential requirements of the basic scenario and a through explanation of advantages and disadvantages of updating the current network of the EERP Company. By analysing the key requirements it is clearly explained that the EERP is having two major employee classes as senior staff and junior staff. Junior staff works in the office which mean that they worked on fixed places. This will result them to have personal computers with LAN (Local Area Network) connectivity. Depending on the budget this can vary up to a wireless network by implementing wireless interfacing cards to their personal computers and having WIFI zones on the working area. Senior staff on the other hand, they work in their homes. From their they should be able to do various kind of functionalities E.g. deliver companys message via ProwerPoint presentations, compile, print documents, perform quires on existing customer records, send and receive email and complete sales orders. These functionalities should be done online or through the WIFI network at the company. It is clarified that the management has decided to equip the senior staff with a mixture of wireless enabled portable notebook PCs, printers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) to get the maximum benefits out of their senior staff. To achieve these desired functionalities it is a must to implement a Virtual Private Network (VPN) between the senior staff and the Office network of the office. This will result them to connect their office even though they are remotely connected. They will be able to perform same kind of functionality which they perform in their office environment. When they work in the office they can connect to the WIFI network without connecting to the VPN. This network architecture will provide the senior member to be connected on their office network every time whenever they want. When it comes to wireless connectivity or VPN, security is a must. It is important to implement necessary security methods and protocols to connect any of the networks. With respect to the following requirements no of WIFI and VPN users should me defined and should be expandable with the growth of the company. Depending on the budget, suitable VPN provider should be selected. With the basic understanding of the key requirements it will be possible to prepare a network system with remote networking functionality. Advantages and Disadvantages of having remote working system Pros, It will be easier to implement and maintain. High reliability and availability. Network cabling will be reduced. Employees can stand on their work place dynamically without staying on one location Can easily configure the security of the network. Can easily divide departments as blocks of network access points. Expansion of the network will be easier than a Traditional wired LAN. Cons, Network connectivity will be lower than a wired LAN. VPN implementation will be expensive. Company should be facing a higher security threat when implementing a VPN. In order to enhance the security, firewalls and other third party tools have to be purchased. Employees should be well trained to use VPNs and wireless networks to avoid any sort of interruptions. Failure of a VPN will result some employees to not to cooperate with the company until it is fixed. Benefits to the company This system will allow employees to work interactively without any disruption. Employees who work on the office will have the WIFI connectivity. This means that they can work on their office desk as well as when they are not. They might be interacting with the customers even so they can connect with the network. They can share information, print documents and can query the information database. This will result interactive and efficient communication with their customers. Senior staff on the other hand can work in home as they are in the office. Because of the VPN they will gain almost all of the network capabilities as they are in the office. Email services, document sharing, print documents and even online presentation facilities can be provided. When they visit the office they can connect to the wireless network using their wireless enabled notebooks and PDAs. As a result they can have almost the same functionalities. Estimate of the cost NETWORK CABLE; BULK CABLE 1000M UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) =  £ 315 RJ45 Connector Network Cable CAT5 Crimp Ends Plug x 100 =  £ 4.98 D-Link DES-1024D 24-Port 10/100Mbps Network Switch = £ 61.00 D-Link DSL-2640R Wireless G ADSL2 Wireless router DSL 802.11b/g =  £ 56.00 NETGEAR ProSafe Quad WAN Gigabit SSL VPN Firewall SRX5308 Router =  £ 254.00 RJ45 Network Crimp Tool =  £ 20.00 Mercury Multi Network Tester =  £ 7.00 Test UM WP150 Wi Net Window Wireless Analyzer =  £150.00 Task 2. Set up a network with 2 wireless nodes and 1 wired node. 192.168.248.57 -Default GatewayC:UserssonyDesktopNWinternet.jpgC:UserssonyDesktopNWwifi signalC:UserssonyDesktopNWLinksys-router-wireless.jpg C:UserssonyDesktopNWlaptop.jpg 192.168.248.61 C:UserssonyDesktopNWpc.jpgC:UserssonyDesktopNWwifi signalC:UserssonyDesktopNWlaptop.jpg 192.168.248.62 192.168.248.63 Wireless Router A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISPs network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect, and are the critical device that keeps data flowing between networks and keeps the networks connected to the Internet. When data is sent between locations on one network or from one network to a second network the data is always seen and directed to the correct location by the router. The router accomplishes this by using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the data packets, and they also use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. Network Interfacing Card A network interface card, more commonly referred to as a NIC, is a device that allows computers to be joined together in a LAN, or local area network. Networked computers communicate with each other using a given protocol or agreed-upon language for transmitting data packets between the different machines, known as nodes. The network interface card acts as the liaison for the machine to both send and receive data on the LAN. The most common language or protocol for LANs is Ethernet, sometimes referred to as IEEE 802.3. A lesser-used protocol is Token Ring. When building a LAN, a network interface card must be installed in each computer on the network and all NICs in the network must be of the same architecture. For example, all must either be Ethernet cards, Token Ring cards, or an alternate technology. WIFI Cards A wireless network adapter allows a computing device to join a wireless LAN. Wireless network adapters contain a built-in radio transmitter and receiver. Each adapter supports one or more of the 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g Wi-Fi standards. Wireless network adapters also exist in several different form factors. Traditional PCIwireless adapters are add-in cards designed for installation inside a desktop computer having a PCI bus. USB wireless adapters connect to the external USB port of a computer. Finally, so-called PC Card or PCMCIA wireless adapters insert into a narrow open bay on a notebook computer. One example of a PC Card wireless adapter, the Linksys WPC54G (compare prices) is shown above. Each type of wireless network adapter is small, generally less than 6 inches (0.15 m) long. Each provides equivalent wireless capability according to the Wi-Fi standard it supports. Some notebook computers are now manufactured with bulit-in wireless networking. Small chips inside the computer provide the equivalent functions of a network adapter. These computers obviously do not require separate installation of a separate wireless network adapter. Setting up wireless Connectivity I have used TP_LINK as the router. To connect to the router I have used on of the LAN ports. At the browser type http://192.168.1.1/ to view the login page. Default username and password admin and admin are used to log in. If successful administration page of the router will be loaded. Navigate to the Wireless -> Wireless Settings. Change the security Type to WPA-PSK/WPA2 -PSK Change the PSK PassPhrase (Password) : pillarboxx Save and reboot. C:UserssonyDesktopNWTP_Link_Login.jpg C:UserssonyDesktopNWWap.jpg Setting up Default Gateway and DHCP Server Please use previously mentioned steps to login to the router. Navigate to the Advanced Settings -> DHCP -> DHCP Settings. Enable the DHCP server Change the start IP address to : 192.168.248.60 Change the End IP address to : 192.168.248.90 Change the default gateway address to : 192.168.248.57 Save and reboot.C:UserssonyDesktopNWDHCP configuration.jpg Change the SSID of the Wireless access point Please use previously mentioned steps to login to the router. Navigate to the Wireless -> Wireless Settings. Change SSID : PTLSJC Save and reboot.C:UserssonyDesktopNWSSID.jpg 1. View Available Wireless screen C:UserssonyDesktopNWNEW SSID.jpg 2. List of connected nodes from the router Please use previously mentioned steps to login to the router. Navigate to the Advanced Settings -> IP and MAC Binding -> ARP List C:UserssonyDesktopNWconnected nodes.jpg This will show all the connected devices together with their IP and MAC Addresses. Two of the devices are connected via wireless 192.168.248.61, 192.168.248.63. and the other device is connected via LAN connection 192.168.248.62. NOTE: All the above mentioned configurations are explained in detail at each step. Copy a file from a shared folder from machine 1 to machine 2 via wireless network Go to My Computer. Select the Network from the Left menu. This will allow you to view all the available devices. Select the device which the file wants to be copied. (Figure 2) It will appear all the available shared devices and folders of that device. (Figure 2) Navigate to a shared folder. Figure 1Paste the file which wants to be copied.C:UserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing 2.jpg C:UserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing.png Figure 2 Figure 3C:UserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing 3.jpg Task 3. Link Systems D-Link Xtreme N Gigabit Router DIR-655 Wireless router Price:  £ 60.00 Features: gaming and phone calling (VoIP) experience. Ideal for streaming HD video or streaming multiple applications simultaneously. Dual active firewall protection (SPI NAT) helps block malicious attacks on networks from the Internet. Includes the latest wireless security (WEP, WPA WPA2) features that help prevent unauthorized access. Virtually no wireless dead spots. Advanced Parental Controls. Supports Windows ® Connect Now (WCN) for easy wireless setup. Automatic Firmware Update Notification. E-mail Notification for Triggered Events. Integrated Wireless Security Wizard. Removable Antennas for Flexible Installation Options. Wall Mountable to Save Desk Space. Linksys E1000 Wireless-N Router Wireless router Price:  £49.00 Features: 128-bit encryption, NAT support, State full Packet Inspection (SPI), MAC address filtering, VPN pass through, firmware upgradable, wall mountable, Wi-Fi Protectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Linksys E1000 Wireless-N Router is best for basic wireless Internet usage and home office productivity. Speed up your wireless network with a router that connects your computer, game consoles and other Wi-Fi devices at high transfer speed. Cisco Connect software has three simple steps to get you set up and your secure wireless network is ready to go. A streamlined user interface allows you to choose from simple to advanced settings with no hassle. Keep Wi-Fi freeloaders and Internet threats at bay with WPA/WPA2 security settings. ETGEAR Wireless-N Router WNR2000 Wireless router Price:  £ 33.00 Features: Firewall protection, NAT support, State full Packet Inspection (SPI), DoS attack prevention, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Simple and secure way to share your high-speed Internet connection Push N Connect securely connects at the touch of a button Wireless-N technology delivers exceptional range and speed Easy setup with Smart Wizard Installation CD Push N Connect using Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) allows you to add computers to the network quickly and securely . Automatically checks and upgrades to latest software for optimal performance Internal antennas deliver maximum performance and range Convenient on / off switch helps save energy when not in use Energy Star-compliant efficient power supply Packaging manufactured with at least 80% recycled materials

Essay on William Shakespeares Fools -- Biography Biographies Essays

Shakespeare's Fools      Ã‚   Shakespeare used foolish characters in his plays to make points that he considers highly important. I had previously supposed that Shakespeare was an entertainer who sprinkled his writing with observations about humanity and its place in the world to please critics. However, I discovered that he was a gifted writer who had a penetrating understanding the condition of humanity in the world and sprinkled his plays with fools and jokes meant for the common man as a way of conceding to his audience's intellectual level. Or, as Walter Kaufmann said in his essay "Shakespeare: Between Socrates and Existentialism," Shakespeare "came to terms with the obtuseness of his public: he gave his pearls a slight odor of the sty before he cast them." Kaufmann continues his essay by saying that Shakespeare, unlike many modern artists, "turned the challenge of a boorish, lecherous, and vulgar audience to advantage and increased the richness and the subtlety of drama." (Kaufmann 3)    Perhaps the best example of Shakespeare's use of the fool (and certainly the best in any Shakespearean play that I have read) is Falstaff in I Henry IV. In "The Fortunes of Falstaff," Wilson claims that Falstaff is the embodiment of the vice of Vanity: he is cowardly in battle, proud and pretentious, dishonest, conniving, lacks respect for the property of others, and is concerned only with wine, tavern wenches, and comfort. It would be easy for a reader (or play-watcher) unfamiliar with Shakespeare to conclude, in our own time, that Falstaff has been included in the drama solely to provide entertainment value.    However, Falstaff is also essential to the play in many ways. He is necessary in the development of Prince Hal, ... ...han I first supposed. Rather than being mere device for the entertainment of his audience, Bottom and Falstaff (and many of his other characters) are used, in these cases to contrast the other characters of his plays, to make important points that Shakespeare wishes his audience to understand. They are integral parts of Shakespeare's drama.    References Kaufmann, Walter. "Shakespeare: Between Socrates and Existentialism" in From Shakespeare to Existentialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William. The Comedy of Errors. New York: Penguin, 1965. Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part I. New York: Penguin, 1965. Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York: Penguin, 1965. Wilson, John Dover. "From The Fortunes of Falstaff" in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part I. Ed. Maynard Mack. New York: Penguin, 1965.

Understanding Relationship

The need for relationships is fundamental in our life because humans are social beings. Humans like to socialize because we seek for attention. Furthermore, approval is a psychological need, and by socializing we fulfill that need. Relational needs help us to interpret and understand what people really want to get out of relating to each other. It is just like when the least expected person comes by and sit down to lend us his/her ear, we would feel loved. Although relational needs are not the basic needs for survival – like food, air or shelter, they are the key essential elements of our human relationships which make life worth living. It is shown that it can contribute widely to a good quality of life. Many a times, our happiness or despair is affected by the quality of our relationships. The best satisfaction in life comes from good relationships with people whom we love. Not only do we become more confident and relaxed, to love and be loved is the greatest feeling the world. And I’ve learnt that why love is so great? Firstly, love provides warmth to anyone who feels lonely. Secondly, love soothes an anxious and angry heart. Thirdly, love pulls us back from those stressful struggles. Lastly, love can be a huge motivation in our daily life. Nothing can come close to the love that a mother showers her children with. That is one important relationship which makes me who I am today. I can proudly say that most women are excellent mothers. They carry their young before they are born and continue to nurture them throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Mothers also make sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their growing stage. It is the unconditional love that a mother feels that drives these feelings. Raising children comes with many frustrations, from the needy new born baby that requires regular care to the sullen teenager. A mother’s role is really commendable as they always put their children before anything else, including their comfort and happiness. My strong relationship with my mother made me come to a realization that to experience intimacy in relationships, it is important to build trust, openness and self-awareness when relating. Under the care of my mother for almost 18 years, I have learnt to be a person of good values and I will not stop improving myself! Some of the more qualities which I am more influenced are like – generous, trustworthy, humble, lovable and easy going. I have learnt that self-awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and emotions. It allows me to understand other people, how they perceive me, my attitude and my responses to them in the moment. Having to develop self-awareness, I am able to change the interpretations in my mind and thus allowing me to change my emotions. This is important because I feel that it is self-awareness that can allow me to be aware of where my thoughts and emotions are actually taking me. Relationships are easy until there is emotional turmoil. This is similar whether one is at work or in his/her personal life. I feel that when one can master to change the interpretation in his/her own mind of emotions will effect on the emotional quality of the relationship. When one can change the emotions in his/her relationship, then new possibilities are opened up entirely in his/her life. From lesson 1, I have learnt that self-awareness is developed through practices in focusing your attention on the details of your personality and behavior. It isn’t learned from reading a book. It is just like when we read a book, we are focusing all of our attention on the conceptual ideas in the book. With our attention focused in a book, one is actually only practicing but not paying attention to his/her own behavior, emotions and personality. One of the few important points that I have learnt to instill self-awareness is to identify my strength and weaknesses and never be afraid to look into the mirror to ponder or reflect about the positive traits I have in myself. In other words, it is engaging in self-affirmation. I have learnt that with self-awareness, this will help the relationship with my loved ones to be a more quality driven one because once I have learnt to love and value myself, I am then able to cherish my partner more without having to care how others judge us. Lesson 1 is definitely an enjoyable and valuable lesson and it has taught me many useful life long skills to prepare myself in future relationships.

Intramuscular Injection Essay

The clinical skill I have chosen to reflect on is the administration of Intramuscular (IM) injections. I will use a reflective model to guide me in my reflection. The Gibbs reflection cycle features, description, feelings, evaluation, description, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). The first stage of Gibbs (1988) is description of events. On my clinical placement I had the opportunity to administer a drug to a patient via IM injection under the supervision of my mentor. I had already observed this skill on various occasions and previously had the opportunity to administer IM injections in previous placements. My mentor was talking me through the process as this was the first time I have performed the skill with her supervision. When the mentor got to the step of using an alcohol wipe to cleanse the area of the injection site the patient said he did not usually get that done. He continued to say that an alcohol wipe had been used once before and had caused him an unpleasant stinging sensation and he would rather it was not used. The previous times I had administered IM injections, I had cleansed the site with alcohol wipe, and therefore I asked my mentor for some guidance in this situation. My mentor confirmed that it was acceptable to administer the injection without using the alcohol wipe and I continued with the injection. Feelings are the next stage of Gibbs (1988) cycle. My thoughts and feelings about this situation was that I felt a little nervous as I was under the supervision of my mentor for the first time doing this skill. However as I had already had the opportunity to administer IM injections before, I felt I was competent to carry out that skill. When the patient had said he did not usually have the alcohol wipe used, I began to doubt my practice. I knew I had previously used this in my practice, but began to question myself if it was correct. As the patient continued to say he had previously had an unpleasant stinging sensation when the alcohol wipe had been used I began to think that the person who had administered that injection did not allow skin to dry properly before administering the injection. If the skin is not dry the cleaning is ineffective and the antiseptic may cause the irritation by being injected into the tissue (Downie et al. 2000). The patient requested that the alcohol wipe not be used on this occasion and this left me feeling confused. I knew he has the right to patient autonomy and without his consent I could not carry out this procedure. As a nurse you are accountable for gaining consent and maintaining the patients right to be autonomous . Hawley (2007) states that autonomy means a persons right to make their own decisions in life, as long as they do not harm anyone else. I was unsure of the risks of not using the alcohol wipe and had to seek guidance from my mentor. Evaluating this situation made me realise that questioning your own practice is a good way of keeping up to date with evidenced based practice. The Royal Marsden manual of clinical nursing procedures (Dougherty & Lister 2004) advocate the use of skin cleansing wipes, it is however stated within their guidelines that they adopt this for patients who are immunosuppressed, and also give evidence of previous studies which indicate that skin cleansing is not normally necessary. Research by Workman (1999) suggests that the use of skin cleansing wipes is inconsistent and not necessary in IM injections if the patient appears to be physically clean and the nurse has adopted an aseptic technique as well as stringent hand hygiene. The fourth stage of Gibbs cycle (1988) has made me become more aware of different practices concerning the use of alcohol wipes in skin cleansing. I understand that both practices have been researched, and as I develop professionally I will not cleanse the skin in future unless the local policy states to do so or the patient requests me to. The evidence in this area is not clear therefore I will use any literature which is available to allow me to justify my actions, and deliver safe evidence based care. In conclusion, I have learned that not all nurses use evidence in the same way and may use different methods. I understand that as long as my practice is safe and evidence based then I can practice safely. My action plan would be to continue to keep updated with any new research and evidence of using alcohol wipes in the administration of IM injections. This will help me to keep my practice safe and up to date.

An Argument Against Graffiti essays

An Argument Against Graffiti essays Graffiti is defined by Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary as "inscriptions or drawings made on some public surface" (10th ed. 1996). Graffiti appears on bridges, billboards, and signs across the nation. Some people may consider the inscriptions or drawings a work of "art." The masses, however, consider this form of "art" dangerous, irresponsible and promote gang activity. The creation of graffiti is dangerous. Graffiti artists climb to high places to draw on highway signs or billboards. To get to these high places, the graffiti artist has either got to climb to the high place or in some cases, hang down from high places to draw their picture or make their inscription. This is taking an unnecessary risk. The artist may believe that their life is not in any danger, but if there is one wrong move, the artist can lose his life or be seriously injured. Still, the activity continues. Also, the creation of graffiti shows of blatant disregard for other's property. The graffiti artist do es not ask an owner for permission to draw on his property. He just does it. When the owner is a private entity, either the insurance company must absorb the cost of having to remove the work or the owner must take care of it himself. When the owner is a government entity, the taxpayers absorb the cost. The general public loses either way and the graffiti artist, unless caught, is free to create again. Another blight on the community is that graffiti promotes crime and gang activity. When a graffiti artist decides to go into a rival gang's territory and draw, the rival gang can take this as a form of disrespect. Sometimes graffiti artists broadcast the activities of street gangs, such as whether they plan to kill, or whether they have already killed. When this graffiti is written about one whom they are planning to kill or about one whom they have already killed, their enemies can get very angry and come looking for retaliation. This shows negative expr...

Organizational Behavior Essay Example

Organizational Behavior Essay Example Organizational Behavior Essay Organizational Behavior Essay One of the most important subject in each organization is the measurement of the effectiveness of the communication between the employee and their mangers. In other word the more effective In communication you are the more productive involvement you will create as a manger. These are the three aspect I would focus on In these research: verbal communication, nonverbal communication. And the written. Also I would discusses some barriers that effect the communication in the organization. The verbal communication is the central what best of us do and It could be writing or speaking, for example all of the debate between our president or the meeting, face to face, telephone conversation or even the interviews is verbal, therefore, the verbal communication is the most Important type of communication. Since we born the first thing we try to learn Is the verbal communication and we do It step by step till we become good at it. However As business major knowing the verbal communication is not enough I have to prepare my self to be a provisional at it. I remember when I use to work at Saudi Telecoms company as assistant to a general manger I have met many CEO from all over the world such as the CEO for Oracle company in the middle east and many others I remember some of them they came with their assistant or other employee and the reason was because the mangers were not good at negotiations or presentation at that time I did not notice the important of having a professional skill in communication and how it can persuade others but now I complicit new the important of it and I would mention the nine way to improve verbal communication according to Illumine. O. UK 1- read more the reason it says the more the person read the more he/she can express her self better by having more vocabulary which Is make sense I remember when I use to go to the English program back in 2008 every time I learn a new vocabulary I could express myself better and in the business world the more vocabulary the person have the more he/she can persuade people o r at least sound dedicated. The second way it says Think about the rods and it means go down to the level of the audiences in other word now your audiences, for example do not use very old language or big vocabulary in the front of forefinger company because they will not understand and some time they will not ask what does this word means. The teller way Is prepare before for speaking and that means the speaker should spend time thinking about what he/she would say and what is the best way of saying it, for example if he/she would talks about globe worming he/she should bring fact and organized the idea as much as possible. The fourth one is listen and be interested and that means show emanation during the conversation for example if one of the audiences ask question act if It important Arabic it says the man has tow ears and one mouth and that means he/she should lotion more than talk. The fifth one it says be aware of non-verbal communication traps: and that means the presenter or the speaker should be a area of his movement, tone, or even his body language because the people are watching you and making Judgment more than listing therefore,

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid The absorbance of light, wavelength 632nm, was measured in an indicator solution at varying pH, and varying concentration, allowing for a Beer-Lambert plot to be constructed. This was then used to measure acetic acid uptake at the surface of deionised water and octan-1-ol coated water, allowing pH, and hence concentration, to be calculated from absorbance of the liquid. Introduction Surfactants are molecules which are able to form a surface across a liquid, and stop the interaction of foreign molecules with the solution without interacting with these molecules first. These are extremely useful since they often contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic aspect, which interact differently to different molecules. Surfactants are used in the manufacture of paper, textiles and construction among others.[1] They are the main ingredient of detergents and they allow non-polar molecules to dissolve in polar molecules, such as oil into water. On the surface of the liquid, the surfactant will inter act slightly differently. It will create a surface of hydrophobic ‘tails’. This will stop polar molecules from entering the liquid, since the liquid will appear to be a poor solution for the polar molecule to interact with. They also increase decrease tension of the liquid.[4] This barrier is expected to stop the acetic acid, used in part 3 of the experiment, interacting with the water solvent. If it does interact, the pH of the solution will lower due to acetic acids presence, and the indicator will show a change in colour. If no acetic acid enters the solution, no change should be observed or measured. Experimental Using de-ionised water, a reference light intensity was recorded. A 250ml solution (1) of 0.005% wt bromocresol green was then prepared, and absorbance was measured. 100ml was removed, and the pH adjusted using 0.1M sodium hydroxide and glacial acetic acid, and absorbance was noted at pH’s between 3-6 at 0.3 increments. 50ml of remaining solution (1) was further diluted to solutions of 0.0025%, 0.00125%, 0.000625% and 0.0003125% concentration. Spectroscopic analysis of these concentrations was made, and a Beer Lambert graph plotted. A solution of unknown concentration was then spectroscopically analysed and it’s approximate concentration determined. This solution was then enclosed in a container with acetic acid, and spectroscopic readings taken every 30 seconds. This was repeated with fresh solution, with the addition of 0.2ml of octan-1-ol to the surface of the cuvette. Results The results for the pH change showed a curve, going from lower pH on the left to high pH on the right. This is a more quantifiable way of showing that as the Bromocresol turned blue at higher pH. This shows absorption toward the end of the spectrum of lower energy, (ie higher wavelength). So as pH increased, the absorbance of Bromocresol at 632nm increased too as it became blue. The next aspect of the experiment was to analyse how concentration affected the absorbance of Bromocresol green. As concentration of bromocresol green was altered, it was possible to draw a Beer-Lambert plot detailing how the absorption of the light changed with concentration of the Bromocresol Green. As would be expected, there is a straight line relationship between Bromocresol concentration and Absorbance except at higher concentrations, where the solution plateaus and becomes non-linear. Excluding this end point it is possible to derive the gradient, and hence the value of ?L. This was determined to be 36600.