Implications of Organisational Identification Essay

Implications of Organisational Identification - Essay Example A clear and meaningful strategy supported by the staff is a key component of organization’s functional efficiency and financial success, if the organization is a for-profit business. So, the question managers frequently ask themselves is how to achieve that state of business performance when the company is totally supported by its employees in all of its goals and urges. Devotion, loyalty, hard work, passion and efficiency is what each business wishes to see in its employees. However, it is not always easy to hire or bring up employees that feel themselves as a part of the company. Still, a potential solution exists. The concept of organizational identification is what can help an employer to achieve such a goal. Since organizational identification is a rather important aspect of organizational behaviour, the goal of this paper is to research and analyse various aspect of organizational identification. In particular, the given work will present the concept of organizational id entification in relation to employees’ performance, business communication and corporate social responsibility. Body According to Dutton, Dukerich and Harquail (1994, 240), organizational identification refers to how a person perceives one’s own identity and self-concept in relation to organizational identity. It means that organizational identification is about how an individual sees oneself in the organization, how organizational goals and strategies are aligned with those of the individual. So, it can be said that organizational identification is the degree to which employees associate themselves with the employing organization, as well as what common attributes the organization and the individual have. Belonging to a certain group, such as family, race, sex, company or society, for instance, forms social identity of an individual – that is person’s knowledge and feeling of belonging to some social group (Tajfel 1972, 31). On the other hand, individual s are the ones who help such groups to survive. The positive effect of person’s feeling as a part of some group is in-group favouritism (Bartels 2006, 1). Such favouritism leads to individual’s being cooperative towards other members of the group, singling that group out, and showing corporate citizenship behaviour in an organization. So, in relation to corporate environment, such in-group favouritism is called organizational identification. Mael and Ashforth (1992, 104) define organizational identification as person’s â€Å"perception of oneness with or belongingness to an organization, where the individual defines him or herself in terms of the organization(s) of which he or she is a member† (Mael and Ashforth 1992, 104). The resent studies prove that strong and positive organizational identification has a very positive impact on organizational behaviour and performance. In particular, employees with positive organizational identification show better pe rformance, lower absenteeism, and higher levels of job satisfaction (Riketta and van Dick 2005, 490). For that reason it might be suggested that companies devote more attention to the level and state of their employees’ organizational identification. This will improve individual performance of the people, as well as the performance of the whole organization. A research conducted by Efraty and Wolfe in 1988 tends to

Unit 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 8 - Essay Example The author therefore lays out number of important elements of project management making up the best practices culture that must be observed by all project managers. training is particularly important considering the fast changing times and environments and as such companies have no options other than investing in continuous education for their project management teams and employees to keep up to date with industry standards. The first success point is for the project managers to get everything straight from the onset. It is important for managers of projects to understand the main goals of the particular project the needs of their clients in order to give the best. Secondly it is particularly important to carefully study and understand contracts before entering into any commitments. Assessing major clauses such as those on liabilities, indemnification warranties are worded right so as to avoid unnecessary legal suits and court cases. This eases the project implementation process and helps eliminate unnecessary delays. Another very important success factor in project management is the kick off meeting with a client. It is a very crucial meeting and therefore both the project managers and key project team members should be present in the meeting alongside key persons from the client end. This is because expectations are set in this meeting and as such it helps project teams figure out how to better manage the expectations of their client. The project managers should also never overlook stored materials; they should understand the way to bill for materials that are stored and also know the hidden costs that may come with early ordering of materials. To this end, timing is important especially when it comes to warranties. The warranty time begins counting immediately equipment are purchased and hence the earlier the installation the longer the period covered by the warranty. The final and ultimate success point in project

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Remote Working System Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Remote Working System Computer Science Essay Introduction The following report will be based on providing potential requirements of the basic scenario and a through explanation of advantages and disadvantages of updating the current network of the EERP Company. By analysing the key requirements it is clearly explained that the EERP is having two major employee classes as senior staff and junior staff. Junior staff works in the office which mean that they worked on fixed places. This will result them to have personal computers with LAN (Local Area Network) connectivity. Depending on the budget this can vary up to a wireless network by implementing wireless interfacing cards to their personal computers and having WIFI zones on the working area. Senior staff on the other hand, they work in their homes. From their they should be able to do various kind of functionalities E.g. deliver companys message via ProwerPoint presentations, compile, print documents, perform quires on existing customer records, send and receive email and complete sales orders. These functionalities should be done online or through the WIFI network at the company. It is clarified that the management has decided to equip the senior staff with a mixture of wireless enabled portable notebook PCs, printers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) to get the maximum benefits out of their senior staff. To achieve these desired functionalities it is a must to implement a Virtual Private Network (VPN) between the senior staff and the Office network of the office. This will result them to connect their office even though they are remotely connected. They will be able to perform same kind of functionality which they perform in their office environment. When they work in the office they can connect to the WIFI network without connecting to the VPN. This network architecture will provide the senior member to be connected on their office network every time whenever they want. When it comes to wireless connectivity or VPN, security is a must. It is important to implement necessary security methods and protocols to connect any of the networks. With respect to the following requirements no of WIFI and VPN users should me defined and should be expandable with the growth of the company. Depending on the budget, suitable VPN provider should be selected. With the basic understanding of the key requirements it will be possible to prepare a network system with remote networking functionality. Advantages and Disadvantages of having remote working system Pros, It will be easier to implement and maintain. High reliability and availability. Network cabling will be reduced. Employees can stand on their work place dynamically without staying on one location Can easily configure the security of the network. Can easily divide departments as blocks of network access points. Expansion of the network will be easier than a Traditional wired LAN. Cons, Network connectivity will be lower than a wired LAN. VPN implementation will be expensive. Company should be facing a higher security threat when implementing a VPN. In order to enhance the security, firewalls and other third party tools have to be purchased. Employees should be well trained to use VPNs and wireless networks to avoid any sort of interruptions. Failure of a VPN will result some employees to not to cooperate with the company until it is fixed. Benefits to the company This system will allow employees to work interactively without any disruption. Employees who work on the office will have the WIFI connectivity. This means that they can work on their office desk as well as when they are not. They might be interacting with the customers even so they can connect with the network. They can share information, print documents and can query the information database. This will result interactive and efficient communication with their customers. Senior staff on the other hand can work in home as they are in the office. Because of the VPN they will gain almost all of the network capabilities as they are in the office. Email services, document sharing, print documents and even online presentation facilities can be provided. When they visit the office they can connect to the wireless network using their wireless enabled notebooks and PDAs. As a result they can have almost the same functionalities. Estimate of the cost NETWORK CABLE; BULK CABLE 1000M UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) =  £ 315 RJ45 Connector Network Cable CAT5 Crimp Ends Plug x 100 =  £ 4.98 D-Link DES-1024D 24-Port 10/100Mbps Network Switch = £ 61.00 D-Link DSL-2640R Wireless G ADSL2 Wireless router DSL 802.11b/g =  £ 56.00 NETGEAR ProSafe Quad WAN Gigabit SSL VPN Firewall SRX5308 Router =  £ 254.00 RJ45 Network Crimp Tool =  £ 20.00 Mercury Multi Network Tester =  £ 7.00 Test UM WP150 Wi Net Window Wireless Analyzer =  £150.00 Task 2. Set up a network with 2 wireless nodes and 1 wired node. 192.168.248.57 -Default GatewayC:UserssonyDesktopNWinternet.jpgC:UserssonyDesktopNWwifi signalC:UserssonyDesktopNWLinksys-router-wireless.jpg C:UserssonyDesktopNWlaptop.jpg 192.168.248.61 C:UserssonyDesktopNWpc.jpgC:UserssonyDesktopNWwifi signalC:UserssonyDesktopNWlaptop.jpg 192.168.248.62 192.168.248.63 Wireless Router A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISPs network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect, and are the critical device that keeps data flowing between networks and keeps the networks connected to the Internet. When data is sent between locations on one network or from one network to a second network the data is always seen and directed to the correct location by the router. The router accomplishes this by using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the data packets, and they also use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. Network Interfacing Card A network interface card, more commonly referred to as a NIC, is a device that allows computers to be joined together in a LAN, or local area network. Networked computers communicate with each other using a given protocol or agreed-upon language for transmitting data packets between the different machines, known as nodes. The network interface card acts as the liaison for the machine to both send and receive data on the LAN. The most common language or protocol for LANs is Ethernet, sometimes referred to as IEEE 802.3. A lesser-used protocol is Token Ring. When building a LAN, a network interface card must be installed in each computer on the network and all NICs in the network must be of the same architecture. For example, all must either be Ethernet cards, Token Ring cards, or an alternate technology. WIFI Cards A wireless network adapter allows a computing device to join a wireless LAN. Wireless network adapters contain a built-in radio transmitter and receiver. Each adapter supports one or more of the 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g Wi-Fi standards. Wireless network adapters also exist in several different form factors. Traditional PCIwireless adapters are add-in cards designed for installation inside a desktop computer having a PCI bus. USB wireless adapters connect to the external USB port of a computer. Finally, so-called PC Card or PCMCIA wireless adapters insert into a narrow open bay on a notebook computer. One example of a PC Card wireless adapter, the Linksys WPC54G (compare prices) is shown above. Each type of wireless network adapter is small, generally less than 6 inches (0.15 m) long. Each provides equivalent wireless capability according to the Wi-Fi standard it supports. Some notebook computers are now manufactured with bulit-in wireless networking. Small chips inside the computer provide the equivalent functions of a network adapter. These computers obviously do not require separate installation of a separate wireless network adapter. Setting up wireless Connectivity I have used TP_LINK as the router. To connect to the router I have used on of the LAN ports. At the browser type http://192.168.1.1/ to view the login page. Default username and password admin and admin are used to log in. If successful administration page of the router will be loaded. Navigate to the Wireless -> Wireless Settings. Change the security Type to WPA-PSK/WPA2 -PSK Change the PSK PassPhrase (Password) : pillarboxx Save and reboot. C:UserssonyDesktopNWTP_Link_Login.jpg C:UserssonyDesktopNWWap.jpg Setting up Default Gateway and DHCP Server Please use previously mentioned steps to login to the router. Navigate to the Advanced Settings -> DHCP -> DHCP Settings. Enable the DHCP server Change the start IP address to : 192.168.248.60 Change the End IP address to : 192.168.248.90 Change the default gateway address to : 192.168.248.57 Save and reboot.C:UserssonyDesktopNWDHCP configuration.jpg Change the SSID of the Wireless access point Please use previously mentioned steps to login to the router. Navigate to the Wireless -> Wireless Settings. Change SSID : PTLSJC Save and reboot.C:UserssonyDesktopNWSSID.jpg 1. View Available Wireless screen C:UserssonyDesktopNWNEW SSID.jpg 2. List of connected nodes from the router Please use previously mentioned steps to login to the router. Navigate to the Advanced Settings -> IP and MAC Binding -> ARP List C:UserssonyDesktopNWconnected nodes.jpg This will show all the connected devices together with their IP and MAC Addresses. Two of the devices are connected via wireless 192.168.248.61, 192.168.248.63. and the other device is connected via LAN connection 192.168.248.62. NOTE: All the above mentioned configurations are explained in detail at each step. Copy a file from a shared folder from machine 1 to machine 2 via wireless network Go to My Computer. Select the Network from the Left menu. This will allow you to view all the available devices. Select the device which the file wants to be copied. (Figure 2) It will appear all the available shared devices and folders of that device. (Figure 2) Navigate to a shared folder. Figure 1Paste the file which wants to be copied.C:UserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing 2.jpg C:UserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing.png Figure 2 Figure 3C:UserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing 3.jpg Task 3. Link Systems D-Link Xtreme N Gigabit Router DIR-655 Wireless router Price:  £ 60.00 Features: gaming and phone calling (VoIP) experience. Ideal for streaming HD video or streaming multiple applications simultaneously. Dual active firewall protection (SPI NAT) helps block malicious attacks on networks from the Internet. Includes the latest wireless security (WEP, WPA WPA2) features that help prevent unauthorized access. Virtually no wireless dead spots. Advanced Parental Controls. Supports Windows ® Connect Now (WCN) for easy wireless setup. Automatic Firmware Update Notification. E-mail Notification for Triggered Events. Integrated Wireless Security Wizard. Removable Antennas for Flexible Installation Options. Wall Mountable to Save Desk Space. Linksys E1000 Wireless-N Router Wireless router Price:  £49.00 Features: 128-bit encryption, NAT support, State full Packet Inspection (SPI), MAC address filtering, VPN pass through, firmware upgradable, wall mountable, Wi-Fi Protectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Linksys E1000 Wireless-N Router is best for basic wireless Internet usage and home office productivity. Speed up your wireless network with a router that connects your computer, game consoles and other Wi-Fi devices at high transfer speed. Cisco Connect software has three simple steps to get you set up and your secure wireless network is ready to go. A streamlined user interface allows you to choose from simple to advanced settings with no hassle. Keep Wi-Fi freeloaders and Internet threats at bay with WPA/WPA2 security settings. ETGEAR Wireless-N Router WNR2000 Wireless router Price:  £ 33.00 Features: Firewall protection, NAT support, State full Packet Inspection (SPI), DoS attack prevention, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Simple and secure way to share your high-speed Internet connection Push N Connect securely connects at the touch of a button Wireless-N technology delivers exceptional range and speed Easy setup with Smart Wizard Installation CD Push N Connect using Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) allows you to add computers to the network quickly and securely . Automatically checks and upgrades to latest software for optimal performance Internal antennas deliver maximum performance and range Convenient on / off switch helps save energy when not in use Energy Star-compliant efficient power supply Packaging manufactured with at least 80% recycled materials

Essay on William Shakespeares Fools -- Biography Biographies Essays

Shakespeare's Fools      Ã‚   Shakespeare used foolish characters in his plays to make points that he considers highly important. I had previously supposed that Shakespeare was an entertainer who sprinkled his writing with observations about humanity and its place in the world to please critics. However, I discovered that he was a gifted writer who had a penetrating understanding the condition of humanity in the world and sprinkled his plays with fools and jokes meant for the common man as a way of conceding to his audience's intellectual level. Or, as Walter Kaufmann said in his essay "Shakespeare: Between Socrates and Existentialism," Shakespeare "came to terms with the obtuseness of his public: he gave his pearls a slight odor of the sty before he cast them." Kaufmann continues his essay by saying that Shakespeare, unlike many modern artists, "turned the challenge of a boorish, lecherous, and vulgar audience to advantage and increased the richness and the subtlety of drama." (Kaufmann 3)    Perhaps the best example of Shakespeare's use of the fool (and certainly the best in any Shakespearean play that I have read) is Falstaff in I Henry IV. In "The Fortunes of Falstaff," Wilson claims that Falstaff is the embodiment of the vice of Vanity: he is cowardly in battle, proud and pretentious, dishonest, conniving, lacks respect for the property of others, and is concerned only with wine, tavern wenches, and comfort. It would be easy for a reader (or play-watcher) unfamiliar with Shakespeare to conclude, in our own time, that Falstaff has been included in the drama solely to provide entertainment value.    However, Falstaff is also essential to the play in many ways. He is necessary in the development of Prince Hal, ... ...han I first supposed. Rather than being mere device for the entertainment of his audience, Bottom and Falstaff (and many of his other characters) are used, in these cases to contrast the other characters of his plays, to make important points that Shakespeare wishes his audience to understand. They are integral parts of Shakespeare's drama.    References Kaufmann, Walter. "Shakespeare: Between Socrates and Existentialism" in From Shakespeare to Existentialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William. The Comedy of Errors. New York: Penguin, 1965. Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part I. New York: Penguin, 1965. Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York: Penguin, 1965. Wilson, John Dover. "From The Fortunes of Falstaff" in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part I. Ed. Maynard Mack. New York: Penguin, 1965.

Understanding Relationship

The need for relationships is fundamental in our life because humans are social beings. Humans like to socialize because we seek for attention. Furthermore, approval is a psychological need, and by socializing we fulfill that need. Relational needs help us to interpret and understand what people really want to get out of relating to each other. It is just like when the least expected person comes by and sit down to lend us his/her ear, we would feel loved. Although relational needs are not the basic needs for survival – like food, air or shelter, they are the key essential elements of our human relationships which make life worth living. It is shown that it can contribute widely to a good quality of life. Many a times, our happiness or despair is affected by the quality of our relationships. The best satisfaction in life comes from good relationships with people whom we love. Not only do we become more confident and relaxed, to love and be loved is the greatest feeling the world. And I’ve learnt that why love is so great? Firstly, love provides warmth to anyone who feels lonely. Secondly, love soothes an anxious and angry heart. Thirdly, love pulls us back from those stressful struggles. Lastly, love can be a huge motivation in our daily life. Nothing can come close to the love that a mother showers her children with. That is one important relationship which makes me who I am today. I can proudly say that most women are excellent mothers. They carry their young before they are born and continue to nurture them throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Mothers also make sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their growing stage. It is the unconditional love that a mother feels that drives these feelings. Raising children comes with many frustrations, from the needy new born baby that requires regular care to the sullen teenager. A mother’s role is really commendable as they always put their children before anything else, including their comfort and happiness. My strong relationship with my mother made me come to a realization that to experience intimacy in relationships, it is important to build trust, openness and self-awareness when relating. Under the care of my mother for almost 18 years, I have learnt to be a person of good values and I will not stop improving myself! Some of the more qualities which I am more influenced are like – generous, trustworthy, humble, lovable and easy going. I have learnt that self-awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and emotions. It allows me to understand other people, how they perceive me, my attitude and my responses to them in the moment. Having to develop self-awareness, I am able to change the interpretations in my mind and thus allowing me to change my emotions. This is important because I feel that it is self-awareness that can allow me to be aware of where my thoughts and emotions are actually taking me. Relationships are easy until there is emotional turmoil. This is similar whether one is at work or in his/her personal life. I feel that when one can master to change the interpretation in his/her own mind of emotions will effect on the emotional quality of the relationship. When one can change the emotions in his/her relationship, then new possibilities are opened up entirely in his/her life. From lesson 1, I have learnt that self-awareness is developed through practices in focusing your attention on the details of your personality and behavior. It isn’t learned from reading a book. It is just like when we read a book, we are focusing all of our attention on the conceptual ideas in the book. With our attention focused in a book, one is actually only practicing but not paying attention to his/her own behavior, emotions and personality. One of the few important points that I have learnt to instill self-awareness is to identify my strength and weaknesses and never be afraid to look into the mirror to ponder or reflect about the positive traits I have in myself. In other words, it is engaging in self-affirmation. I have learnt that with self-awareness, this will help the relationship with my loved ones to be a more quality driven one because once I have learnt to love and value myself, I am then able to cherish my partner more without having to care how others judge us. Lesson 1 is definitely an enjoyable and valuable lesson and it has taught me many useful life long skills to prepare myself in future relationships.

Intramuscular Injection Essay

The clinical skill I have chosen to reflect on is the administration of Intramuscular (IM) injections. I will use a reflective model to guide me in my reflection. The Gibbs reflection cycle features, description, feelings, evaluation, description, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). The first stage of Gibbs (1988) is description of events. On my clinical placement I had the opportunity to administer a drug to a patient via IM injection under the supervision of my mentor. I had already observed this skill on various occasions and previously had the opportunity to administer IM injections in previous placements. My mentor was talking me through the process as this was the first time I have performed the skill with her supervision. When the mentor got to the step of using an alcohol wipe to cleanse the area of the injection site the patient said he did not usually get that done. He continued to say that an alcohol wipe had been used once before and had caused him an unpleasant stinging sensation and he would rather it was not used. The previous times I had administered IM injections, I had cleansed the site with alcohol wipe, and therefore I asked my mentor for some guidance in this situation. My mentor confirmed that it was acceptable to administer the injection without using the alcohol wipe and I continued with the injection. Feelings are the next stage of Gibbs (1988) cycle. My thoughts and feelings about this situation was that I felt a little nervous as I was under the supervision of my mentor for the first time doing this skill. However as I had already had the opportunity to administer IM injections before, I felt I was competent to carry out that skill. When the patient had said he did not usually have the alcohol wipe used, I began to doubt my practice. I knew I had previously used this in my practice, but began to question myself if it was correct. As the patient continued to say he had previously had an unpleasant stinging sensation when the alcohol wipe had been used I began to think that the person who had administered that injection did not allow skin to dry properly before administering the injection. If the skin is not dry the cleaning is ineffective and the antiseptic may cause the irritation by being injected into the tissue (Downie et al. 2000). The patient requested that the alcohol wipe not be used on this occasion and this left me feeling confused. I knew he has the right to patient autonomy and without his consent I could not carry out this procedure. As a nurse you are accountable for gaining consent and maintaining the patients right to be autonomous . Hawley (2007) states that autonomy means a persons right to make their own decisions in life, as long as they do not harm anyone else. I was unsure of the risks of not using the alcohol wipe and had to seek guidance from my mentor. Evaluating this situation made me realise that questioning your own practice is a good way of keeping up to date with evidenced based practice. The Royal Marsden manual of clinical nursing procedures (Dougherty & Lister 2004) advocate the use of skin cleansing wipes, it is however stated within their guidelines that they adopt this for patients who are immunosuppressed, and also give evidence of previous studies which indicate that skin cleansing is not normally necessary. Research by Workman (1999) suggests that the use of skin cleansing wipes is inconsistent and not necessary in IM injections if the patient appears to be physically clean and the nurse has adopted an aseptic technique as well as stringent hand hygiene. The fourth stage of Gibbs cycle (1988) has made me become more aware of different practices concerning the use of alcohol wipes in skin cleansing. I understand that both practices have been researched, and as I develop professionally I will not cleanse the skin in future unless the local policy states to do so or the patient requests me to. The evidence in this area is not clear therefore I will use any literature which is available to allow me to justify my actions, and deliver safe evidence based care. In conclusion, I have learned that not all nurses use evidence in the same way and may use different methods. I understand that as long as my practice is safe and evidence based then I can practice safely. My action plan would be to continue to keep updated with any new research and evidence of using alcohol wipes in the administration of IM injections. This will help me to keep my practice safe and up to date.

An Argument Against Graffiti essays

An Argument Against Graffiti essays Graffiti is defined by Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary as "inscriptions or drawings made on some public surface" (10th ed. 1996). Graffiti appears on bridges, billboards, and signs across the nation. Some people may consider the inscriptions or drawings a work of "art." The masses, however, consider this form of "art" dangerous, irresponsible and promote gang activity. The creation of graffiti is dangerous. Graffiti artists climb to high places to draw on highway signs or billboards. To get to these high places, the graffiti artist has either got to climb to the high place or in some cases, hang down from high places to draw their picture or make their inscription. This is taking an unnecessary risk. The artist may believe that their life is not in any danger, but if there is one wrong move, the artist can lose his life or be seriously injured. Still, the activity continues. Also, the creation of graffiti shows of blatant disregard for other's property. The graffiti artist do es not ask an owner for permission to draw on his property. He just does it. When the owner is a private entity, either the insurance company must absorb the cost of having to remove the work or the owner must take care of it himself. When the owner is a government entity, the taxpayers absorb the cost. The general public loses either way and the graffiti artist, unless caught, is free to create again. Another blight on the community is that graffiti promotes crime and gang activity. When a graffiti artist decides to go into a rival gang's territory and draw, the rival gang can take this as a form of disrespect. Sometimes graffiti artists broadcast the activities of street gangs, such as whether they plan to kill, or whether they have already killed. When this graffiti is written about one whom they are planning to kill or about one whom they have already killed, their enemies can get very angry and come looking for retaliation. This shows negative expr...

Organizational Behavior Essay Example

Organizational Behavior Essay Example Organizational Behavior Essay Organizational Behavior Essay One of the most important subject in each organization is the measurement of the effectiveness of the communication between the employee and their mangers. In other word the more effective In communication you are the more productive involvement you will create as a manger. These are the three aspect I would focus on In these research: verbal communication, nonverbal communication. And the written. Also I would discusses some barriers that effect the communication in the organization. The verbal communication is the central what best of us do and It could be writing or speaking, for example all of the debate between our president or the meeting, face to face, telephone conversation or even the interviews is verbal, therefore, the verbal communication is the most Important type of communication. Since we born the first thing we try to learn Is the verbal communication and we do It step by step till we become good at it. However As business major knowing the verbal communication is not enough I have to prepare my self to be a provisional at it. I remember when I use to work at Saudi Telecoms company as assistant to a general manger I have met many CEO from all over the world such as the CEO for Oracle company in the middle east and many others I remember some of them they came with their assistant or other employee and the reason was because the mangers were not good at negotiations or presentation at that time I did not notice the important of having a professional skill in communication and how it can persuade others but now I complicit new the important of it and I would mention the nine way to improve verbal communication according to Illumine. O. UK 1- read more the reason it says the more the person read the more he/she can express her self better by having more vocabulary which Is make sense I remember when I use to go to the English program back in 2008 every time I learn a new vocabulary I could express myself better and in the business world the more vocabulary the person have the more he/she can persuade people o r at least sound dedicated. The second way it says Think about the rods and it means go down to the level of the audiences in other word now your audiences, for example do not use very old language or big vocabulary in the front of forefinger company because they will not understand and some time they will not ask what does this word means. The teller way Is prepare before for speaking and that means the speaker should spend time thinking about what he/she would say and what is the best way of saying it, for example if he/she would talks about globe worming he/she should bring fact and organized the idea as much as possible. The fourth one is listen and be interested and that means show emanation during the conversation for example if one of the audiences ask question act if It important Arabic it says the man has tow ears and one mouth and that means he/she should lotion more than talk. The fifth one it says be aware of non-verbal communication traps: and that means the presenter or the speaker should be a area of his movement, tone, or even his body language because the people are watching you and making Judgment more than listing therefore,

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid The absorbance of light, wavelength 632nm, was measured in an indicator solution at varying pH, and varying concentration, allowing for a Beer-Lambert plot to be constructed. This was then used to measure acetic acid uptake at the surface of deionised water and octan-1-ol coated water, allowing pH, and hence concentration, to be calculated from absorbance of the liquid. Introduction Surfactants are molecules which are able to form a surface across a liquid, and stop the interaction of foreign molecules with the solution without interacting with these molecules first. These are extremely useful since they often contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic aspect, which interact differently to different molecules. Surfactants are used in the manufacture of paper, textiles and construction among others.[1] They are the main ingredient of detergents and they allow non-polar molecules to dissolve in polar molecules, such as oil into water. On the surface of the liquid, the surfactant will inter act slightly differently. It will create a surface of hydrophobic ‘tails’. This will stop polar molecules from entering the liquid, since the liquid will appear to be a poor solution for the polar molecule to interact with. They also increase decrease tension of the liquid.[4] This barrier is expected to stop the acetic acid, used in part 3 of the experiment, interacting with the water solvent. If it does interact, the pH of the solution will lower due to acetic acids presence, and the indicator will show a change in colour. If no acetic acid enters the solution, no change should be observed or measured. Experimental Using de-ionised water, a reference light intensity was recorded. A 250ml solution (1) of 0.005% wt bromocresol green was then prepared, and absorbance was measured. 100ml was removed, and the pH adjusted using 0.1M sodium hydroxide and glacial acetic acid, and absorbance was noted at pH’s between 3-6 at 0.3 increments. 50ml of remaining solution (1) was further diluted to solutions of 0.0025%, 0.00125%, 0.000625% and 0.0003125% concentration. Spectroscopic analysis of these concentrations was made, and a Beer Lambert graph plotted. A solution of unknown concentration was then spectroscopically analysed and it’s approximate concentration determined. This solution was then enclosed in a container with acetic acid, and spectroscopic readings taken every 30 seconds. This was repeated with fresh solution, with the addition of 0.2ml of octan-1-ol to the surface of the cuvette. Results The results for the pH change showed a curve, going from lower pH on the left to high pH on the right. This is a more quantifiable way of showing that as the Bromocresol turned blue at higher pH. This shows absorption toward the end of the spectrum of lower energy, (ie higher wavelength). So as pH increased, the absorbance of Bromocresol at 632nm increased too as it became blue. The next aspect of the experiment was to analyse how concentration affected the absorbance of Bromocresol green. As concentration of bromocresol green was altered, it was possible to draw a Beer-Lambert plot detailing how the absorption of the light changed with concentration of the Bromocresol Green. As would be expected, there is a straight line relationship between Bromocresol concentration and Absorbance except at higher concentrations, where the solution plateaus and becomes non-linear. Excluding this end point it is possible to derive the gradient, and hence the value of ?L. This was determined to be 36600.

Fashion Retail Research Levis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fashion Retail Research Levis - Case Study Example The paper "Fashion Retail Research – Levi’s" is the analysis of the fashion retail of Levi. It has thousands of designs. Its stitching style is recognized as unique and customers often check that they are getting the original thing by looking at this. It has made itself available to customers in 180 countries all over the world. Another strength of Levi’s is that it has a great distribution channels. It retails in different outlets as well as company owned outlets, departmental stores, mass retail stores, chain stores, franchises, and specialty retailers also. The weakness of the brand is this it depends on a lower number of customers like JC Penny, for a greater percentage of its sales, which increases the bargaining power if the customers. The company has to maintain good relations with these customers as losing one customer may affect the sales greatly. Another weakness shown by the company is that its mainly focuses on men and has lesser focus on women and ch ildren. The opportunities that Levi’s has it are that it can use reinventing strategy to reinvent its various famous brands to move with the moving changing needs of customers. Online business in also a good opportunity for Levis, sites of Levi’s can be used for booking products and it can be used effectively to generate more and more business. Low consumer confidence is a threats face by the company. This has happened due to week labor markets and increased borrowing standards. Recession is may also affect sales. Customers do not have enough. disposable income to feel that they will be able to buy this product. Another weakness is that competition has increased in the market and is increasing day by day. Direct and in direct competition is increasing day by day, by companies like gap, Nike, Adidas and other labels. This can result in decreasing market share and customer base. The company out sources almost all manufacturing activities, this makes the company most vulnerable, with respect to dependencies, delivering time and quality control. Customer Profile People who want fashionable jeans with great comfort level want a pair of Levi's. Their attitude is rough and tough (John, 2003). People who face rough work conditions invest in a good pair of Levi's. People who idolize cowboys also love wearing this jean. At first working people bought it mainly but today it appeals to young people in college all the same. People who want a great fit in jeans love Levi's. People who wear Levi are generally self confident and it makes them feel strong and ready for action all the time. They have an informal life style and prefer comfort as an essential of their life. People of all occupations and income level buy Levi's, some buy one good pair and others buy many, from actors and actresses to laborers, everybody is seem wearing Levi's. Brand Personality Levi's is the most popular jeans in the world. Its personality is enriched by many factors; it has a strong and casual personality. Personality symbolizes a brand (Kapferer, 2004). Levi's is advertised as a brand having various personality elements. It is an empathetic and friendly brand. Its advertisements communicate to

Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising - Article Example Definition. According to Ventola (669-684), direct to Consumer Advertising (DTCA) is a type of marketing that is extensively and exclusively observed in the pharmaceutical industry. Although this form of marketing promotion is observed in other industries, the term is exclusively derived from the marketing promotion in the pharmaceutical industry. In this regard, the marketing activities are primarily focused towards the patients’ end unlike targeting the healthcare professionals. The promotional activities or tools that are generally used in this form of marketing include the use of print media, television, radio, social media, and many more. In the present day context, marketing activities are identified as playing an effective role in the promotion of a product and/or service. Subsequently, different promotional tools are used by companies with the aim of making an effective reach to a large number of customers in a global context. Thesis Statement. The prime objective of the study is to undergo a comprehensive review of DTCA in the pharmaceutical industry in the US. In this regard, the paper focuses on understanding the concepts of DTCA and the history of different types of advertisements surrounding DTCA. The report also emphasizes the rules and regulations governing the promotional activity in the US. Moreover, it also intends to reveal the advantages as well as the disadvantages of adapting DTCA in the US pharmaceutical market. Some of the remedies that would lead to the growth of the pharmaceutical industry in the US through adapting DTCA are also discussed. Further, the report also highlights the effect of DTCA on health insurance and the pharmaceutical industry that has to lead to the shift of promotional activities towards social media for attracting customers.

Music of the 1960's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music of the 1960's - Essay Example As a result, the participants of war are always in need of encouragement, motivation, hope, and renewed courage to participate and sustain the struggle with a hope of winning at the long end. Music has always sought to provide these needs in parts or in totality. Indeed, music has been in the forefront to incite, condemn, and encourage people to war.  Moreover, war music acts as a vehicle to spread propaganda, incite people to participate, and as an incentive to patriotism and enlistment in the ranks (Wells, 2004). However, we also have anti-war songs that discourage participation in war and calls for its end. Indeed, music served as a catalyst to unite people against war and in particular, against the Vietnam War (Anderson, 2006).Hence, the significance of music in addressing the societal problem of war is unquestionable. This paper will address the issue of war using five songs recorded in the 1960s. To achieve this, the paper will analyze the songs for similarities and differenc es in how they address the social issue of war. The songs to consider include â€Å"Masters of War† by Bob Dylan, â€Å"For What It's Worth† by Buffalo Springfield,    â€Å"I Ain't Marching Anymore† by Ochs Phil, Phil Ochs â€Å"What Are You Fighting,† and Ccr â€Å"Bad Moon Rising.† All the five songs, advocate for anti-war activities with the main theme of ending war. Ccr â€Å"Bad Moon rising,† recognizes the fact that there is no need to fight claiming the war brings forth rage and ruin. Indeed, everyday that people go out for war, deaths are registered. Hence, the artist warns that the war front will claim lives. Hence, there is a need to stop the war. This is a roots rock song, whose target audience is the participants of war. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. A group wrote and sang the song. Phil Ochs â€Å"What Are You Fighting† equally condemns fighting in that though we are fighting, many are jobless, no equalit y in our countries, the leaders are full of lies, the media is also practicing truancy, we are still enslaved, and children are in despair. Hence, before we venture into war we should win our wars at home. This is a folk song, whose target audience is the participants of war. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. An individual singer wrote and sang the song. â€Å"For What It's Worth† by Buffalo Springfield, notes that a lot we go down if we continue fighting. Children will suffer, masses will die, and Paranoia  will strike deep. This is a folk rock song, whose target audience is everybody with war experiences. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. The band wrote and sang the song. â€Å"I Ain't Marching Anymore† by Ochs Phil, Phil Ochs, sees no need to fight since the old leaders always leads the young to war  yet it is always the young that fall. Brothers and sisters have fallen to war, engaging in war for no good reason, enslaving many in war, cities destroyed, counties conquered and yet there is nothing positive to show though the war is still on. Indeed, it is time to stop the war. This is a folk song, whose target audience is nobody in particular. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. An individual singer wrote and sang the song. â€Å"Masters of War† by Bob Dylan believes the world war will not end. The leaders and the rich lead the young to war and run away. They deceive them that the world war will be won yet millions are dying, property destroyed, children suffer

Discuss the rapid progress of Urbanisation in 19th Century Britain and Essay

Discuss the rapid progress of Urbanisation in 19th Century Britain and the associated massive population growth and social problems which developed - Essay Example These steps include passage of various reforms such as the Poor Laws and laws related housing and sanitary and policing. In this writing we will focus upon the various changes that took place due to the urbanization within Britain during the era of 19th century, we will even pay emphasis to the issues that Britain experienced due to urbanization and how government tried to relax these issues through changes is legislature. The 19th century industrial revolt has altered Britain completely. Previously in 1801, only 20% of the inhabitants resided in cities but by 1851 about 50% and by 1881 about 2/3 of inhabitants have departed themselves to cities (Thackeray 107). In 1801 most of the people work as farmers and used handmade products but by late 19th century industrial units were widespread and most of the products were manufactured by electrical machines (Thackeray 107). During the initial period of the 19th century, Britain experienced ample amount of prejudiced and mutual chaos. Certain individuals of Clapham Sect had much interference in the political affairs (Stobaugh 2012). They were against slavery and cruel sports. Stobaugh states â€Å"on May 11, 1812, John Bellingham murdered the Tory leader Spencer Perceval† (Stobaugh 2012). Uptil then he was the single British Leader yet to be offended. In the year 1820 a plan was made to gun down entire cabinet. Gatrell states â€Å"the leader of Cato Street Plot was Arthur Thistlewood† (Gatrell 299). In this plan the leader’s associates were caught on 23 February 1820 (Gatrell 299). Later the leader was murdered with his 4 attendants later. In the meantime in the year 1811-1816 cloth factory employees in the Midlands and North of England destroyed all newly invented machines in fear of joblessness (Kingfisher 327). In March 1817, various cloth factory employees from Manchester walked to London. They were named as blanketeers as all of them

Assignment Essay and Discussion Forum in Sociology Week 5

Assignment and Discussion Forum in Sociology Week 5 - Essay Example ed status and achieved status and very often the ascribed status of an individual is â€Å"conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individuals have little or no control, such as race, ethnicity, age and gender† (Kendall, p. 105). However, it is possible for an individual to acquire achieved statuses in one’s life with hard work, personal competence, personal choice and successful competition. There is a close link between ascribed statuses and achieved ones; therefore, it should also be kept in mind that factors such as race, ethnicity and gender are most likely to diminish one’s opportunity to reach higher realms of achieved statuses. It can therefore be concluded that people who are privileged by their positive ascribed status are more likely to develop positive achieved status whereas those who are disadvantaged by ascribed status tend to acquire negative achieved status (Kendall, p. 105). For a person who occupies different statuses, it is his master status that dominates over all others and determines his social position. According to Hughes (1945), a person’s master status â€Å"is the most important status a person occupies; it dominates all of the individual’s other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person’s general social position† (Kendall, p. 105). Factors such as a person’s race, ethnicity and religious identity can very often constitute the master statuses for individuals. In any society or community where racial discrimination, ethnic bias and religious prejudices prevails, the dominant group members tend to â€Å"single out members of other groups as â€Å"inferior† on the basis of real or alleged physical, cultural or nationality characteristics† (Kendall, p. 106). The social identities of ethnic minorities are most likely to be perceived based on their ethnicity or race. Factors su ch as a person’s race, ethnicity and religious identity constitute as the

Managing projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing projects - Essay Example It mainly depends upon three factors namely project goal, project milestone and project order and timeline. Now the basic principles of project management are stated below: - Be Clear: - The most essential aspect of a project is the clarity. It is the duty of the project manager, to ensure clarity in the project. The two basic elements of clarity are direction and focus. Direction is about making everyone to work towards the same objective and Focus is about ensuring every team member gets a clear idea about the scope of the project. Maintain a Positive Attitude: - It is important to maintain a positive attitude at the work place. In addition, there are several benefits for maintaining a positive attitude. For example, it improves the relationship with the stakeholders and also helps to deal with the project challenges. Communication: - Superior communication is probably the most important criteria towards the success of a project. It enhances the coordination among team members and also helps to inform the stakeholders about the happenings (project-management-skills, n.d.). Success Failure Criteria According to Standish CHAOS Report of 2004, there are some factors which are commonly found in a successful project. The factors are mainly user involvement, proper planning, clear statement of requirements, clear objectives and vision, smaller project milestones, and realistic expectations among others. Similarly there are some factors which force projects to fail. For example, errors pertaining to estimation and planning, implementation factor, and also human factor may lead to project failure. Hence, to let the team members know about the reasons behind the success and failure of a project, it is important to define success and failure criteria. In addition, it also helps to monitor a project. Benefits of Managing Projects There are several techniques by which a project can be managed (Lasa Information Systems Team, 2003). The benefits of some of the systems are presented below: - Project Management Technique Benefits PERT 1. This method is useful in controlling the cost (Mittal, 2006). 2. It uses graphical displays, which allow the team members to understand the project better. CPM 1. This method highlights the critical path and also emphasizes on the slack time. 2. It is mathematically simple (University of Illinois Springfield, n.d.). PRINCE 2 1. Greater control over the resources. 2. It helps to manage the risks associated with a project more effectively (Maserang, 2002). SECTION II Project Initiation Document A project initiation document is considered as the top level project planning document. Through the project initiation document, a company can gather all the information needed for a project to begin (Mindtools, n.d.). In order to portray the importance of project initiation document, a draft will be presented. To illustrate it with an example a health care project is considered. Project Goals – To examine Hepatitis  œ B of the entire population in a village. Scope – The project has the scope to reduce the number of

Assignment Essay and Discussion Forum in Sociology Week 5

Assignment and Discussion Forum in Sociology Week 5 - Essay Example ed status and achieved status and very often the ascribed status of an individual is â€Å"conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individuals have little or no control, such as race, ethnicity, age and gender† (Kendall, p. 105). However, it is possible for an individual to acquire achieved statuses in one’s life with hard work, personal competence, personal choice and successful competition. There is a close link between ascribed statuses and achieved ones; therefore, it should also be kept in mind that factors such as race, ethnicity and gender are most likely to diminish one’s opportunity to reach higher realms of achieved statuses. It can therefore be concluded that people who are privileged by their positive ascribed status are more likely to develop positive achieved status whereas those who are disadvantaged by ascribed status tend to acquire negative achieved status (Kendall, p. 105). For a person who occupies different statuses, it is his master status that dominates over all others and determines his social position. According to Hughes (1945), a person’s master status â€Å"is the most important status a person occupies; it dominates all of the individual’s other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person’s general social position† (Kendall, p. 105). Factors such as a person’s race, ethnicity and religious identity can very often constitute the master statuses for individuals. In any society or community where racial discrimination, ethnic bias and religious prejudices prevails, the dominant group members tend to â€Å"single out members of other groups as â€Å"inferior† on the basis of real or alleged physical, cultural or nationality characteristics† (Kendall, p. 106). The social identities of ethnic minorities are most likely to be perceived based on their ethnicity or race. Factors su ch as a person’s race, ethnicity and religious identity constitute as the

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Although not originally well received, Edgar Allan Poe, became one of the most influential literary writers in American history. As a child, he wrote numerous poems, many which were later published. As a young adult he focused much of his attention on short fiction. He was credited with creating the detective story and known for his psychological and often violent thrillers. He is also known for his macabre themes and for having a fascination with death. Literary students should recognize these characteristics associated with Poes writings were shaped by many tragedies in his life, such as abandonment of his father, untimely deaths of his mother, brother, wife, and other loved ones, and the problems he faced with his adoptive father. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. Shortly thereafter, his family moved to New York where his father, David Poe, resumed his acting career. David soon quit acting and abandoned his family. He died a short time later (Harrison 22). Soon afterward, Edgars mother, Elizabeth, became ill and died (Nilsson). A young woman named Frances (also known as Fanny) and her husband, John Allan, took in Edgar. Soon thereafter, John, a tobacco trader, moved the family to England. There, Edgar began his first formal education. In 1820, when the tobacco market in London collapsed, the Allans returned to New York (Benfey; Nilsson). Edgar continued his education, excelling in Latin and French. During this time he was also in search of a maternal figure. Although fond of Fanny Allan, her poor health limited her ability to fulfill a motherly role. Edgar found a substitute in Mrs. Jane Stanard, a mother of one of his classmates. Unfortunately, she died a year later at age thirty-one (Nilsson). After her death, John Allan described Edgar as sulky and ill tempered to all the family (qtd. in Thompson). Mr. Allan felt insulted by Edgars behavior, especially when considering all he had done for Edgar. This was the beginning of the deterioration of the relationship between Edgar and John Allan that would provide conflict in Edgars life for many years to follow (Thompson). In 1826, Edgar attended the University of Virginia. He was an outstanding student and excelled in various languages, debating, writing, and athletics.  At age sixteen he fell in love with and became engaged to a girl named Elmira Royster. While away at college, he wrote her frequently but her father intercepted the letters (Thompson). Edgar was upset when he did not receive any replies. In addition to this disappointment, life at the school was chaotic and dangerous (Benfey). There were fights with students throwing bricks and bottles at professors and problems with students gambling. Edgar described one situation in a letter to John Allan in which he stated that one student was struck on the head with a large stone and in response he pulled a pistol. On another occasion he wrote about a student that bit another student, which Edgar described as, it is likely that pieces of flesh as large as my hand will be obliged to be cut out (Carlson). While away at school, Poe obtained large gambling debts and blamed John Allan for not providing proper financial support. When, Poe returned to Richmond during a school break, Allan reportedly broke off Poes engagement to Elmira (Carlson). He (Allan) then sent Edgar to work at his company instead of sending him back to school (Thompson). In 1827, Edgar and John Allans relationship completely fell apart. Poe wrote, Ive heard you say. . . that you have no affection for me (qtd. in Nilsson). Edgar moved out and while on the streets developed a problem with alcohol. Before long he obtained employment with a small newspaper and provided the printer with some of his early manuscripts. This resulted in a booklet entitled, Tamerlane and Other Poems. The main poem is a story about a warrior who returns home to find his childhood love has died and all his dreams gone. The writing was clearly influenced by Poes own plight in life and his failed relationship with Elmira Royster (Nilsson). Shortly thereafter, Poe lied about his age and used a fictitious name to enter the United States Army. In 1829, he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant Major, the highest rank for a noncommissioned officer (Thompson). Meanwhile, Fanny Allan became seriously ill and died. Edgar arrived home after her burial. Feeling guilty for leaving Fanny, he wrote, I have had a fearful warning and have hardly ever known before what distress was (qtd. in Nilsson). After Fanny died, John Allan decided to forgive Edgar for their past problems and support his decision to leave the army to get into West  Point Military Academy (Nilsson). In April 1829, Edgar left the army, returned to Richmond, Virginia, and waited to be accepted as a cadet at West Point. During this time, John Allan became impatient and accused Edgar of being lazy. Their relationship became worse when Edgar requested financial assistance. As he waited for admittance, Edgar returned to Baltimore and continued writing poetry. There, a company named Hatch and Dunning printed his writing Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. This literature centers on the ideas associated with the concept of life after death and ideal love, an obvious reflection on Poes relationships with loved ones. In 1830, Edgar finally entered West Point. He climbed to the top rankings in his class. However, John Allan remarried a much younger woman and sent Edgar a letter stating he had no interest in further contact with him. This resulted in Edgars desire to leave West Point. When Allan did not assist Edgar with his plans to leave the academy, Edgar began to get into trouble. By January 1831, he had committed enough offenses that he was court-martialed and dismissed from the military. He left West Point in February and traveled to New York City before eventually returning to Baltimore (Thompson; Nilsson). While in Baltimore, he met many of his biological relatives for the first time. He also became very close with his brother, Henry. Unfortunately, Henry died six months later due to alcohol poisoning. After his brothers death, Edgar began to write seriously again. Hoping to earn more money, he changed from writing poetry to writing fiction. He wrote his first published story, The Dream, which encompassed much of Edgars past and was thought to have been inspired by his brothers death (Nilsson). In this writing, the narrator dreams that a person he killed has come back though an opening in the sky. As the terrifying character approaches, the narrator awakes. He also wrote a Gothic tale, Metzengerstein, about a feud between a count and a baron. The count eventually is burned in a fire and transforms into a horse. The baron captures the horse and when a fire breaks out in the barons castle the horse carries him into the fire. As the smoke rises upward, a figure of a horse becomes visible (Poes Tales 213-221). Next, Poe published four short stories all concerning the subject of surviving  death. In one story, A Decided Loss (later titled Loss of Breath), the narrator, lost his breath, got his skull crushed, was hanged, had his ears cut off by a coroner, gets cut up and is still alive although repeatedly killed (Nilsson). Edgar continued to have financial problems and in 1833 he moved in with his aunt, Maria Clemm, and his cousin Virginia (Thompson). In 1834, John Allan died. Although Allan was worth about three-quarters of a million dollars, Edgar received nothing (Nilsson). After Allans death, Edgar moved to Richmond and began work for Thomas Willis Whites new magazine, The Southern Literary Messenger. Edgar had fallen in love with Virginia and planned to have her and Maria reside with him in Richmond (Nilsson). Maria, however, intended for her and Virginia to move in with another relative, Neilson Poe (Thompson). Neilson had offered to remove them from the poverty they experienced with Edgar. Edgar was upset and threatened suicide if they left. He was devastated by the prospect of losing Virginia. After they left, Poe quit his job and returned to Baltimore. In September, he and Virginia obtained a marriage license and may have been privately married (Nilsson). Poe returned to work for White, and brought Virginia and Maria back to Richmond with him (Thompson). Poe advised White on articles, proofread for the magazine, and wrote some short stories. During this time his writings centered on gothic fiction. His writings were strongly influenced by, German romantic writers who gave the English Gothicism their own twists and, disregarding probability, greatly exaggerated elements of the horrible and the supernatural (Nilsson). Poe was especially fond of the kind of personal narration called tale of sensation where the persons are usually solitary victims of a life-threatening predicament, about to be executed, or about to have a fatal accident (Nilsson). One of his stories, Loss of Breath, clearly demonstrates these characteristics. Poe took over the official position as editor for the Messenger and turned the magazine into a popular and well-respected regional journal. In 1836, Poe was officially married to Virginia. Although steadily employed, after  the marriage Poe continued to incur debts. In the fall of 1836, his editorial qualities began to suffer. Alcohol abuse was suspected and White removed Poe as editor. Poe soon completely left the Messenger and moved briefly to New York before settling in Philadelphia. (Nilsson; Thompson). After almost three years of free-lance writing, Poe accepted a job as assistant editor for Burtons Gentlemans Magazine. There, he wrote ninety-eight book-reviews and produced large number of articles on other topics. He also wrote, The Fall of the House of Usher, one of his famous gothic horror stories. This is a complex story about a bother and sister (twins) from a cursed family who share a soul with the decaying mansion they reside in. Poe includes the idea of moral decay by hinting at incest, burial alive, and a return from the grave in this thriller about the forces of life and death (Poes Tales 128-144). He also wrote about William Wilson, a man that kills himself but does not die (Poes Tales 3-21). In June 1840, Poe left the magazine due to low pay and a desire to start his own magazine. Poe was unsuccessful with his own magazine and eventually accepted a position for $800 a year working for George Rex Graham who purchased Burtons Gentlemans Magazine and renamed it Grahams Ladys and Gentlemans Magazine. Poe conducted proofreading, wrote reviews, and sometimes engaged in editorial work. He also did some writing but was better known as a critic than as a poet during this period. In the April 1841 issue of Grahams, Poe published The Murders in the Rue Morgue. Nothing similar to this work had ever been published and it has been credited as the first modern detective story. In fact, this work influenced the evolution of stories and the future of movies ever since it was published. An example of how Poes stories influenced future writers include the use of private detectives in contrast to police detectives, the narrator whom is not the main detective in the story, and the analytic process of crime solving techniques. Poes work helped increase the circulation of Grahams from 5500 to 40,000. Though he was successful, he became bored with his position and resigned in July 1842 (Nilsson). Meanwhile, Virginia became very ill with tuberculosis. Her illness hit Poe  hard and he did everything possible to help ease her suffering. The influence of her illness can be seen in his writings of this time. Poe wrote Life in Death and The Masque of the Red Death while taking care of Virginia (Nilsson). Life in Death is about a painter and his sick wife. Ironically, as the painter completes his portrayal of his wife, she dies. The Masque of the Red Death is about a prince trying to save his diseased country from the figure called The Red Death (Poes Tales 201-207). This story was derived from Poes knowledge of both the bubonic plague and the Philadelphia cholera epidemic. As Virginias condition grew worse, Poe suffered and again turned to heavy alcohol consumption. During this time Poe published a few revisions of older poems as well as a few new ones. He also published The Pit and the Pendulum, a tale of a man tortured by the Spanish Inquisition (Poes Tales 221-234). He also worked on his crime and detection stories which include The Mystery of Marie Roget, The Black Cat, and The Tell-Tale Heart. The Mystery of Marie Roget is the first true detective story to try to solve a crime. The Tell-Tale Heart is a tale about the murder of an elderly man whose heart continues to beat as police question the narrator. The beating heart eventually drives the narrator to his confess his crime (Poes Tales 289-293). In The Black Cat, the narrator kills a cat but it keeps coming back to life. While again attempting to kill the cat, he slices his wifes head in two with a cleaver. He hides her corpse in a wall but the cats howls lead the police to the location of the body (Poes Tales 518-527). In November 1846, Poe published one of his best short stories, The Cask of Amontillado. This short story is similar to Poes other crime fiction however there is no confession by the perpetrator. The narrator completes his revenge by capitalizing on his opponents prideful nature and lures him into a catacomb where he is sealed inside. The narrator hints at a feeling of guilt but since the story is told as a reflection of the past, it is clear that no one else knows of the crime (Poes Tales 207-213). In January 1847, Virginia finally died from complications of tuberculosis. Although he was devastated, Poe continued to write and lecture. He also reportedly found romantic relationships with several women, including the  former Sarah Elmira Royster, his first love who since had been married. On October 7th, 1849, Edgar Allan Poe was found unconscious on a street in Baltimore. He died three days later in a local hospital (Nilsson; Thompson). His death has been attributed to alcoholism, however some researchers at the University Maryland Medical Center suspect he might have died from rabies (Shea). Edgar Allan Poe faced numerous obstacles during the course of his life. Although raised by a family with some wealth, Poe was always in a state of financial crisis. Among the relatives and friends of the Allans, Poe was an outsider and maintained a low socio-economic status. In addition, his losses include almost all the people who ever demonstrated any kind of love for him. An analysis of his writings reflects the psychological trauma that he obtained throughout his life. Although these problems kept Poe from immediate success, they had a profound effect on his style and the subject matter of his published works, which eventually made many of his writings popular in and out of the classroom today. Works Cited Benfey, Christopher. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. The New Republic 24 Feb. 1992. Carlson, Eric W. Edgar Allan Poe. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 74 American Short-Story Writers Before 1880. 1988 pp. 303-322. The Gale Group Harrison, James A. Life of Edgar Allan Poe New York: Haskell, 1970. Nilsson, Christoffer. Qrisses Edgar Allan Poe Pages 1996-1998. 29 Nov. 1999 Poes Tales of Mystery and Imagination. London: Dent, 1963 Shea, Christopher. Researcher Says Rabies, Not Alcoholism, May Have Killed Poe Chronicle of Higher Education Sept. 1996. 2 Dec. 1999 Thompson, G.R. Edgar Allan Poe. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 3. Antebellum Writers in New York and the South. 1979. pp. 249-297. The Gale Group Note: In addition, the following source was indirectly used: Edgar Allan Poe. Encarta 1999. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft,1993-1998

Improvement of Warranty Management Using Logistics

Improvement of Warranty Management Using Logistics Improvement of WARRANTY MANAGEMENT using logistics Abstract The purpose for the paper is to build up a calculated system that incorporates the innovation and business issues ahead of schedule at the outline stage to limit warranty costs in the most compelling and effective way. These days, giving a decent post-buy benefit has turned out to be critical then the effectiveness of warranty administration programs is by all accounts urgent. On warranty administration programs through calculated bolster arranging. Beginning from a reference structure for warranty administration, the paper traces the part that the calculated support can play in expanding process productivity. Specifically, extraordinary angles are tended to, such as order of framework segments, meaning of repair levels and support errands. The introduced structure is alluded to the military business in which calculated methodologies are broadly connected. Regardless of this, proposed technique can be considered all around substantial and effortlessly pertinent to various setting. INTRODUCTION of Articles Because of the increasing customer expectations, item exhibitions and qualities are no longer the sole perspectives to consider in a focused worldwide market. For buyers satisfaction product, must perform to their fullest. To achieve this performance, the part of post-deal administrations, especially amid warranty period becomes crucial so that an efficient warranty program represents a competitive asset. The administration of warranty is not simple task as it includes various parameters like technical terms, managerial issue and administration. During the warranty period, things must be kept up or reestablished to a state in which it can play out the required capacity, expected to give a given administration (Gonzalez Diaz et al. 2009). There are distinctive sorts of warrantys every one suited an alternate sort of item (purchaser, business and modern, standard versus custom-constructed, and so forth.) (Lyons and Murthy 2001, Menezes and Quelch 1990). A writing survey uncovers vital collaborations amongst  warranty and different order (Gonzalez Diaz et al. 2009, Murthy and Djamaludin 2002, Murthy and Blishke 2005, Gonzalez Diaz and Crespo Marquez 2010, Murthy et al. 2004) affecting warranty effectiveness. Among every one of them, especially essential are the followings: Outsourcing: warranty benefit or by and large, the after-deals branch of an organization, is generally one of the most defenseless to be  outsourced because of its okay and due likewise to the way that, among other highlights, outsourcing gives lawful protection to such help administrations (Gomez et al. 2009). Quality: a reliability and quality improvement of the product has not only an advantageous and favorable impact in front of the client; it also highly reduces the expected warranty cost (Chukova Hayakawa 2004, Lutz Padmanabhan 1998). Maintenance: In some cases, amid the warranty  period the maker still has a solid control over its item and its conduct. Furthermore, the normal warranty costs depend  regularly not just on warranty necessities, yet, likewise on the related upkeep plan of the item (Yeh and Lo 2001, Dimitrov et al. 2004, Kim et al. 2004, Wu and Li 2007). Costs: about cost estimation, there are nowadays methods to estimate accurately the final cost of a specific acquisition contract as, for instance, the Estimate at Completion (EAC) method  (Christensen 1993), a management technique that can be used in a project for the control of the costs progress. The paper addresses the problem of warranty management efficiency, for complex system such as a custom-built product where huge number segments and conditions must be considered. The paper is sorted out as takes after. In segment 2 a system for warranty administration is proposed, suggesting the utilization of settled strategies, coming from different disciplines, to improve process efficiency. In section 3 the main issues of warranty logistics are presented, whereas in section 4 the proposed methodology for the application of logistic support to warranty management is illustrated. Finally, conclusions and hints for further research are presented. THE WARRANTY MANAGEMENT The proposed process for warranty management consists of four steps, following the PDCA cycle and principles of Quality Management Systems as per 9001:2008. The initial step of a warranty administration handle comprises in the meaning of nonspecific and destinations. This choice is central for the key detailing of warranty arrangements and it must consider alternate point of view. To stay away from inconsistencies between the warranty program and the general business system the utilization of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in this stage is suggested. Other useful methods to use during the planning phase are Criticality Analysis (CA) and Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) to focus actions on those high impact specific failures showing rare and high failure frequency (Gonzà ¡lez Dà ­az et al. 2011 a). study on reliability based design of a series-parallel system and used GA to obtain optimal values of system design, burn-in period for different lengths of warranty, PM intervals and rep lacement time. Deb (1999, 2001) and Hu et al. (2007) used multi-objective GA to solve the goal programming problems. Some of the literature also focused on achieving customer satisfaction through improvements in the warranty parameters by making changes in the design. Manna et al. (2006) and Maronick (2007) focused on maximization of customers utility in terms of warranty duration for the different warranty policies. The last stride of the procedure is warranty program change. Considering the extensive number of conceivable approach, the selection of Customer Relationship Administration and Six Sigma appear to be especially viable. Different devices that can be utilized for the change are identified with the usage of new innovations, for example, e-warranty methodologies, where e-warranty can be characterized as a warranty program bolster which incorporates the assets, administrations and administration important to empower  proactive choice. This support not just incorporates e-i nnovations, additionally e-warranty exercises such as e-checking, e-conclusion, e-visualization, and so forth. WARRANTY LOGISTIC AND SUPPORT Warranty and logistics literature is vast, the problem of logistics of warranty servicing has not been deeply analyzed (Murthy et al. 2004). Murthy proposes the following classification of strategic, tactical and operational issues concerning warranty servicing. (Table 1). Strategic Tactical and operational Location of material Spare part inventory stocking points Location of service centers Material transportation Location of warehouses Replace versus repair Demand for spares Scheduling of jobs, repairs Service channels repairs and travelling repairman problem In facing these issues, product characteristics are fundamental as for warranty polices. In this field, literature contributions are mainly related to commercial products, dealing with specific problems. For example, Considering the replace or repair issue, there are numerous approaches to support this decision (Murthy Nguyen, Jack Vander Duyn Schouten 2000, Jack Murthy 2001, Zuo  et al. 2000). On these considerations, in this paper some of the above mentioned tactical and operational logistics issues are discussed, focusing the attention on complex products which need to be maintained over their life. For these systems, such as military aircrafts, logistic support becomes a crucial part of the warranty management policy, considering characteristics of products and existent constraints, especially in the military field. Logistic support deals with provisioning, procurement, materials handling, transportation, distribution and warehousing of items and the support  infrastructure needed for carrying out these activities over the life of the product (Murthy et al. 2004). According to this definition, it becomes clear how many aspects of a product logistic support  influence the efficiency of a warranty management policy. Moreover, to this, an underlying support arrange, connected to the warranty time skyline, can give a first way to deal with warranty  scope quantification, save parts provisioning, warranty assignmen t timetable, professionals aptitude levels and so on. Arranging and booking change connected to a warranty program can obviously improve the adequacy and proficiency of program approaches. Such change will rely on upon the time skyline of the examination. classification of critical components of the product which, due to their significance per several factors, deserve to be specially analyzed for the warranty management; choice of repair levels, which are those maintenance levels that are more effective to take the proper actions during the development of a warranty program; tasks definition which refers to those methods that define the maintenance and warranty tasks when a component, in a specific product, fails; required spare parts and allocation. Above are the aspects which are concerned in this section reference models to guide the decision-making process. 3.1 Classification of components: In the definition of logistic support strategy particularly important is the identification of candidates, which are elements to be considered for the logistic support process. According to MIL-STD- 1388-2B logistic support candidates can be defined as follows: Logistic Support Full Candidate: components requiring that their logistic support is analyzed. The knowledge about the logistic support of crucial elements or parts of the product is highly relevant in order to plan, schedule, and organize a proper maintenance and warranty program. Logistic Support Administrative Candidate: these are components that do not require a complete analysis of their logistic support, but they are necessary to be taken into consideration to perform the complete analysis of full candidates. In other words, an administrative candidate is the one which must be manipulated in order to access other candidates of the product. 3.2 Repair Levels: Table 2. Repair levels (MIL-STD-1390D). Repair level Echelon 1 Echelon 2 Echelon 3 Echelon 4 Code C (crew) O(Organizational) F(Intermediate-Forward) H(Intermediate Rear) Significance Developed by the user. Preventive maintenance tasks by the operator General changes for parts and adjustments. Preventive tasks and correction (e.g. durationà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬4 man/hour) In-place repair. Change of damaged assemblies. Preventive tasks and correction. (e.g. 4 man à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  h. duration General repair of damaged sets and subsets. Preventive tasks and correction, determined by maintenance manuals when duration à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  50 man/hours. Cost C1 C2 C3 C4 Table 3. Comparison between alternatives. A B C MTBF1 1000 1,000 1,000 MTBF2 1000 8,000 800 L (cost unit) 100 20 40 M (cost unit) 100 40 80 P (cost unit) 200 500 200 N 60% 60% 50% The proposed system recommends an approach to assess whats more, decide how and where a support or, then again warranty errand ought to be executed, to bear the cost of the most minimal cost. Utilizing the officially created documentation for the military part (Table 1), it is conceivable to characterize the levels or echelons at which different costs (direct labour, material, handling.) for the different maintenance echelon. Then, it is possible to minimize an objective function to determine which echelon is the most recommendable to face a repair. A fifth echelon related to reconstructions and major changes performed by the own industrial maintenance (overhaul)is sometimes considered we will analyse if it would be more economical to discard the faulty Camera, rather than repair it. For that intention. we will compare the relative value of a repaired Camera with the cost to buy a replacement (for this generic case, the possibilities in the market will be denominated as A, B and C): Condition applied by the manager to take a  decision: If (MTBF2/MTBF1) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ N Nomenclature MTBF1 = MTBF of a new Camera MTBF2 = MTBF of a repaired Camera N = Predetermined acceptance level (set by the company or contractor) L = Labor required to repair the Camera M = Material required to repair the Camera P = Unit price of a new Camera Possibilities: Computations Results: A: 0.60 B: 0.48 > 0.12 C: 0.30 Decision: A: Discard B: Repair C: Discard Basically, this simplified example shows that if the cost for the repair exceeds a given percentage of the cost of a new item, the decision should be to discard the failed item. A similar way can be followed  to decide between the other repair levels 3.3 Task Definition: In writing, numerous techniques are portrayed to characterize upkeep and warranty task when part of particular item come up short. Considering the military industry, one possible approach is certainly the use of Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) (MIL-STD-1629 6A). In a warranty management context, RCM becomes a trustworthiness examination for the meaning of those undertakings to be performed amid the warranty time frame. The utilization of RCM procedure to characterize the warranty program can be effortlessly clarified considering a common RCM prepare which comprises of the  taking after strides: Selecting systems and collecting information System boundary definition System description and functional block diagram System functions and functional failure Criticality analysis Task definition. Within RCM, the criticality of a failure mode can be assessed by using the Safety Hazard Severity Code (SHSC) as catastrophic, critical, marginal and minor failure (already mentioned in section 3.1) or through a more quantitative assessment (MIL-STD-882): Where, -Cm (modal criticality number): it is calculated for each failure mode of each logistic support item. -Cr (item criticality number): it is calculated for each logistic support item. -ÃŽÂ »P (failure rate): it is usually obtained from fail-ure rate predictions (MIL-HDBK-217, RIAC 217 Plus). -ÃŽÂ ± (failure mode rate): It is usually obtained from failure modes database sources such as (RAC FMD-97). -ÃŽÂ ² (conditional probability): It is the analysts best judgment that the failure will occur, based on the item severity classification. -t (mission phase duration): in military or aero-space sectors, it is an average data of the usual system functioning. After the maintenance task, have been determined which is to be applies during warranty period next task comes which is to define task frequency. Where: TF = Task Frequency MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) = It indicates system reliability which is calculated using known faikure rate. MTBM (Mean time between maintenance) = One of the categories of maintenance events contributing to the mean time between maintenance actions (MTBMA) value. MTBMnd = (Mean Time Between Maintenance No Defect): One of the categories of maintenance events contributing to the mean time between maintenance actions (MTBMA AOR= Annual Operating Requirements. Once got the recurrence for a particular task, it is possible to decide the required extra parts. For that reason, it is important to know previ-ously the accompanying parameters: Task Frequency every Year and Product Unit (TF) Spares Quantity per Task (QT) With these information, it is conceivable to acquire the Spare Parts Frequency every Year and Product Unit. Considering an exceptionally complex framework, similar to the military flying corps or naval force, this information permits the definition of extra parts assignment in distribution centers of various echelons. In some cases, the whole logistic support process is outsourced to the manufacturer. In this context warranty program efficiency is sensibly affected by logistic decisions such as spare quantity and allocation. In fact, logistic support for military systems is usually carried out in strong collaboration with the manufacturer during the warranty period and longer. . An example of spare parts allocation and inventory management for military aircraft components can be found (Costantino et al. 2010). Summary All through the paper different parts of proficiency identified with the change of the warranty management have been examined. After introducing most critical issues of warranty administration and proposing a system for its administration, it has been analyzed the logistic support applied to complex products and how this support can be focused to facilitate and improve the decision-making process. Furthermore, it has been indicated how segments ought to be repaired, deciding ideas as assignment recurrence and recognizing different levels of repair. Upgrades in warranty administration effectiveness, and in addition the ensuing increment in consumer loyalty, may speak to a key angle in a worldwide rivalry. About the logistic support applied to the warranty management, further research in this field should be focused on the calculation of different costs, combining warranty assistance and maintenance tasks once the warranty period has been expired (to possibly extend the warranty contra ct). Another fascinating improvement could be the blend of RCM with CRM (Customer Relationship Management), considering this as a phase incorporated into the reference system proposed for the warranty administration. Moreover, the incorporation of RCM arrangements with an ERP framework (Enterprise Resource Planning) can enhance not just the meaning of new maintenance and warranty methodologies, additionally the development of constant change. References Blischke, W.R. Murthy, DNP, 2002. Case Studies in Reli-ability and Maintenance. Wiley, New York, (661 xxiii). Chattopadhyay G.N, Murthy D.N.P. 2000. Warranty cost analysis for second-hand products. Math Comput Modelling; 31(10-12):81-88. Chattopadhyay, G. Rahman A., 2008. Development of lifetime warranty policies and models for estimat-ing costs. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93:522-529. Christensen, D., 1993. Determining an accurate Esti-mate At Completion. National Contract Management Journal ­ 25, 17-25. Chukova, S. Hayakawa, Y. 2004. Warranty cost analysis: non-renewing warranty with repair time. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Appl. Stochastic Models Bus. Ind. 20:59-71. Gonzà ¡lez Dà ­az V., Parra, C., Gà ³mez J.F. Crespo A. 2010. Reference framework proposal for the manage-ment of a warranty program. Proc. of EURENSEAM, Congress Euromaintenance 2010, Verona, Italy.Gonzà ¡lez Dà ­az, V. Crespo Mà ¡rquez, A. 2010. Book Review: Reliability Engineering. Warranty Manage-ment and Product Manufacture (By Murthy D.N.P. . Blischke W.R). Production Planning Control: The Management of Operations, 1366-5871, Volume 21, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 720-721. Gonzà ¡lez Dà ­az, V., Gà ³mez Fernà ¡ndez, J.F., Crespo Mà ¡r-quez,. A. 2011. Practical Applications of AHP for the Improvement of Waranty Management, Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering (JQME), Emerald Wagner, Stephan M.; Jà ¶nke, Ruben; Eisingerich, Andreas B. California Management Review. Summer2012, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p69-92. 24p. 3 Diagrams, 5 Charts. DOI: 10.1525/cmr.2012.54.4.69.

I Was a Washington D.C. Intern :: Essays Papers

I Was a Washington D.C. Intern On June 9, 2003, my life took an interesting turn. It was a sunny day. Blue skies, humidity insanely high, and I found myself at 4th Street and Constitution in Washington, D.C. I stood before an angled architectural masterpiece by famed architect I.M. Pei; its pointed corners jutted out towards the grassy Mall and Capitol Hill as if it were some sort of Picasso-esque compass pointing simultaneously towards all the tourist hot spots. (The one corner, purportedly the sharpest building corner in the world, wore a dark gray spot about eye level where thousands if not millions of tourists had touched it just to see how sharp it really was). I found myself standing before it, not as tourist . . . but as an employee on my first day of work. It all seemed a little overwhelming. How I ended up there still seems like a dream even today. Back in early 2001, while working in an art museum library in Nashville, Tennessee, I heard about the internships at the National Gallery of Art. They have quite the reputation in the art world. I bemused myself by daydreaming of one day being an intern there. At the time I heard about them I most certainly wasn't a good candidate. I only had the one art museum gig under my belt and I still really lacked direction in my career ambitions. But fast forward to 2002. I was no longer working at the art museum library (the position was eliminated due to budget cuts) and I was no longer living in Nashville (I moved to Tucson to attend SIRLS). There's probably nothing else like losing your job to really make you figure out what you want to do with your life. I realized several things: I wanted to continue working in an information provision setting, and I wanted to work with visual collections, spe cifically photographs. Because of those goals, I chose to immediately find my way in at the Center for Creative Photography as soon as I arrived on campus in Tucson. I started out as a volunteer and would go on to do an internship there. This critical experience was exactly what I needed to boost my resume to the level of D.C. intern candidate. So . . . six full months before June 9, 2003, I applied for an internship at the National Gallery of Art.

Lead And The Environment :: essays research papers

Lead and The Environment Some materials are so commonplace that we take them for granted. One of those materials is a grayish metal that has been with us for thousands of years. That metal is lead, still one of the world's most useful substances, and one that never ceases to find a role in human society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lead has the atomic symbol of Pb (for plumbum, lead in Latin). The atomic number for lead is 82 and the atomic mass is 207.19 AMU. It melts at about 327.502 oC and boils at 1740 oC. Lead is a heavy, ductile, soft, gray solid. It is soluble in nitric acid and insoluble in water. It is found in North, Central and South America, Australia, Africa and Europe. In modern times, lead has found a wide range of uses, and world demand for lead and its products has steadily increased. Lead's usefulness stems from the metal's many desirable properties: softness, high density, low melting point, ability to block radiation, resistance to corrosion, readiness to form alloys and chemical compounds, and ease of recycling. Its versatility, as well as its physical and chemical properties, accounted for its extensive use. Lead can be rolled into sheets which can be made into rods and pipes. It can also be molded into containers and mixed with other metallic elements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lead was used in ancient times for making coinage, art objects and water pipes. One of the first known toxic substances, lead was used by the Romans for lining aqueducts and in glazes on containers used for food and wine storage; and it is suspected to have resulted in widespread lead poisoning. Members of the famous Franklin Expedition to the Northwest Passage in the mid-1840s met a similar fate, being poisoned from lead in solder, widely used at the time to seal tins used to store foods. Until recently, one of the most significant uses was an anti-knock additive in gasoline. In the 1970s and 1980s, steps were taken to reduce the use of leaded gas. By 1990, these actions had virtually eliminated the use of lead in gasoline. Lead is also one of the best and earliest examples of recycling about 55 percent of the lead used in Canada comes from recycled material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One particular category of toxic tort is injury caused by exposure to lead-based paint. The hazards of lead-based paint have been known since the early 1900s, when the use of lead in the manufacture of paint was banned in Australia. The lead mining and lead pigment industries in the United States were able, however, to forestall the banning the use of lead in the manufacture of

Personal Ethics Development Paper

Trevino and Nelson (2007), define ethics as â€Å"the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or organization. † I was influenced the way I determine different actions or behavior in a particular situation since I was a child. Growing up with a single Catholic mother made me value different things and behave in a particular way. In addition, this made me a have a particular ethical system that influences the way I work and act as an individual. At the corporation level, ethics is important because they set the rules and regulations. In this paper, I will explain the developmental aspects of my ethics as well as my ethical system, the effects of my ethics at my workplace, and importance of ethics in an organization to achieve its goals. My ethical system was shaped since I was a child. Growing up with a catholic single mother, definitely influence the way I value the family. Also, some of my decisions are influenced by this catholic background, which I do not genuinely practice but follow to some extent. Other factors that shaped my ethics were my family, school, and personal events. My family always corrected me whenever I did something that they consider wrong, which could be something simple as taking a flower from my neighbor’s garden. My family saw this little example as stealing, but as I child I saw this as taking the flower for my mother. School taught me what was legally wrong or right. I learn that some people simply don’t care too much about the actions and consequences of their actions and act impulsively. When making decisions, my ethical system influences they way I act because tend to be bias by what my mom, my family, school, or personal events taught me. Time has taught me to value the importance of learning form other mistakes and advices. This had leaded me to draw conclusions from specific examples. For example, when considering any issue, I usually use inductive reasoning and go from the very specific problem to the general conclusion. At the workplace, my ethical system influences the way I behave and perform in a positive and negative way. Based on the nature of the work, my ethical system at the workplace tends to be a combination of duty-based and goal-based. Duty-based is an â€Å"a moral obligation or commitment to act in a certain manner. For example, I work for the United States Postal Service and I am commitment to my work, which includes several tasks determined by the Postal Service rules and regulations. If I fail with one of this laws or rules I could be on probation or lose my job. Therefore, it is important that I obey those rules. In addition, all this tends to be influenced by the actual goal of the company and my personal goal. The company goal is to complete my assigned tasks in a timely manner, which is to deliver the mail. My personal goal is to produce money to sustain my family and pay my expenses. This personal goal drives me to be ethical and the do the right thing at my workplace because I do not want to put in jeopardy my job. This puts into play my personal family values. Therefore, my ethical system could be considered individualistic and very very competitive, which could impact my workplace in a negative way. On the other hand, this could turn out to be very positive because I am very reliable and undependable at work. Business ethics (2009) is defined as â€Å"moral principles defining how businesses and business professionals should act towards each other, employees, and the public. In other words, ethics are needed in an organization because they determine the company norms and principles for its employees and customers. To determine the company ethics its important because based on this, the company will be perceived nationally or internationally. Business ethics play such as important role today that the government forces companies to pay attention to corporate re sponsibility and business ethics. This norms, rules, and regulations also play an important role to achieve the company goals and direction. The effects of the application of these ethics influence consumers, employers, other businesses, and the society in a positive way. In order words, not only this company teaches other companies what is the right thing to do, but it also acts as an example for individuals who work there or purchase their items or services. In conclusion, ethics are rules, norms or regulations that influence the way people or corporation act. These influences could be either positive or negative and there is shape early in our lives or at the early stages of a corporation. In this paper, I explained that my personal ethics were shaped since I was a child. My ethics and values have changed based on personal events, religion, and family values. My ethical system influences the way I perform my job to achieve my personal goals. Based on these factors, ethics play an important role in corporations because companies are run by individuals who have their own ethical systems. In addition, ethics determine who the company is and how it is perceived in the society. Personal Ethics Development Paper Trevino and Nelson (2007), define ethics as â€Å"the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or organization. † I was influenced the way I determine different actions or behavior in a particular situation since I was a child. Growing up with a single Catholic mother made me value different things and behave in a particular way. In addition, this made me a have a particular ethical system that influences the way I work and act as an individual. At the corporation level, ethics is important because they set the rules and regulations. In this paper, I will explain the developmental aspects of my ethics as well as my ethical system, the effects of my ethics at my workplace, and importance of ethics in an organization to achieve its goals. My ethical system was shaped since I was a child. Growing up with a catholic single mother, definitely influence the way I value the family. Also, some of my decisions are influenced by this catholic background, which I do not genuinely practice but follow to some extent. Other factors that shaped my ethics were my family, school, and personal events. My family always corrected me whenever I did something that they consider wrong, which could be something simple as taking a flower from my neighbor’s garden. My family saw this little example as stealing, but as I child I saw this as taking the flower for my mother. School taught me what was legally wrong or right. I learn that some people simply don’t care too much about the actions and consequences of their actions and act impulsively. When making decisions, my ethical system influences they way I act because tend to be bias by what my mom, my family, school, or personal events taught me. Time has taught me to value the importance of learning form other mistakes and advices. This had leaded me to draw conclusions from specific examples. For example, when considering any issue, I usually use inductive reasoning and go from the very specific problem to the general conclusion. At the workplace, my ethical system influences the way I behave and perform in a positive and negative way. Based on the nature of the work, my ethical system at the workplace tends to be a combination of duty-based and goal-based. Duty-based is an â€Å"a moral obligation or commitment to act in a certain manner. For example, I work for the United States Postal Service and I am commitment to my work, which includes several tasks determined by the Postal Service rules and regulations. If I fail with one of this laws or rules I could be on probation or lose my job. Therefore, it is important that I obey those rules. In addition, all this tends to be influenced by the actual goal of the company and my personal goal. The company goal is to complete my assigned tasks in a timely manner, which is to deliver the mail. My personal goal is to produce money to sustain my family and pay my expenses. This personal goal drives me to be ethical and the do the right thing at my workplace because I do not want to put in jeopardy my job. This puts into play my personal family values. Therefore, my ethical system could be considered individualistic and very very competitive, which could impact my workplace in a negative way. On the other hand, this could turn out to be very positive because I am very reliable and undependable at work. Business ethics (2009) is defined as â€Å"moral principles defining how businesses and business professionals should act towards each other, employees, and the public. In other words, ethics are needed in an organization because they determine the company norms and principles for its employees and customers. To determine the company ethics its important because based on this, the company will be perceived nationally or internationally. Business ethics play such as important role today that the government forces companies to pay attention to corporate re sponsibility and business ethics. This norms, rules, and regulations also play an important role to achieve the company goals and direction. The effects of the application of these ethics influence consumers, employers, other businesses, and the society in a positive way. In order words, not only this company teaches other companies what is the right thing to do, but it also acts as an example for individuals who work there or purchase their items or services. In conclusion, ethics are rules, norms or regulations that influence the way people or corporation act. These influences could be either positive or negative and there is shape early in our lives or at the early stages of a corporation. In this paper, I explained that my personal ethics were shaped since I was a child. My ethics and values have changed based on personal events, religion, and family values. My ethical system influences the way I perform my job to achieve my personal goals. Based on these factors, ethics play an important role in corporations because companies are run by individuals who have their own ethical systems. In addition, ethics determine who the company is and how it is perceived in the society.